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Sang-Baek Koh 16 Articles
Special Article
Occupational stress (KOSS®19): scale development and validation in the Korean context
Hansoo Song, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Da-Yee Jeung, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei-Jin Chang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e12.   Published online May 7, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e12
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background
The Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) was developed in 2004. During this time, industrial structures have evolved, and societal awareness of occupational stress has changed. This study aims to develop and validate a revised version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS®19), tailored for workers, reflecting these changes.
Methods
The KOSS®19 was developed based on the 26-item KOSS–short form (SF) through a review by eight experts. A survey was conducted including 359 service industry workers, comprising the KOSS®19, Burnout, and Depression scales. The KOSS®19 subscales were restructured, and their reliability and validity were evaluated.
Results
The KOSS®19 composed of eight subscales: hazardous physical environment (2 items), high job demand (3 items), insufficient job control (2 items), low social support (2 items), job insecurity (2 items), organizational injustice (4 items), lack of reward (2 items), and work-life imbalance (2 items). The reliability and validity of the KOSS®19 were found to be satisfactory.
Conclusions
The KOSS®19 is a suitable tool for assessing occupational stress, effectively replacing the original KOSS and KOSS-SF.
직무 스트레스: 한국적 맥락에서의 척도 개발 및 타당화
목적
한국형 직무스트레스 척도(KOSS)가 2004년에 개발된 이후 산업 구조가 변화하고 직무 스트레스에 대한 사회적 인식도 달라졌다. 본 연구는 이러한 변화를 반영하여 한국형 직무스트레스 척도 개정판(KOSS®19)을 개발하고 타당성을 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다.
방법
KOSS®19는 기존의 26문항 KOSS-SF를 기반으로 8명의 전문가 검토를 거쳐 개발되었다. 서비스업 종사자 359명을 대상으로 KOSS®19, 소진(Burnout) 척도, 우울 척도를 포함한 설문조사를 실시하였으며, KOSS®19의 요인을 재구성하고 신뢰도 및 타당도를 평가하였다.
결과
KOSS®19는 8개 요인으로 구성되었다: 위해물리환경(2문항), 높은직무요구 (3문항), 직무자율성결여(2문항), 낮은사회적지지(2문항), 직업불안정(2문항), 조직불공정(4문항), 보상부적절(2문항), 일-삶의불균형 (2문항). KOSS®19의 신뢰도 및 타당도는 만족할 만한 수준으로 확인되었다.
결론
KOSS®19는 직무 스트레스를 평가하는 데 적절한 도구로, 기존 KOSS 및 KOSS-SF를 효과적으로 대체할 수 있다.
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Special Article
Emotional labor (KELS®11): scale development and validation in the Korean context
Da-Yee Jeung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Hansoo Song, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei Jin Chang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e13.   Published online May 7, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e13
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Emotional labor refers to the management of emotions and expressions to meet the emotional requirements of a job role. This study aimed to develop a revised version of the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (KELS®11), based on the first edition (KELS-24) introduced in 2014, and to provide practical applications and guidelines for its use in the Korean workplace through a validation process.
Methods
The revised version of KELS®11 was derived from the 24-item KELS, following a review process involving eight experts. To validate the scale’s reliability and validity, a self-administered survey was conducted among 359 service industry workers using KELS®11, burnout, and depression scales. KELS®11 was reclassified, and its reliability and validity were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to establish sex-specific cutoff values (normal vs. high-risk groups).
Results
KELS®11 was designed to account for individual, organizational, and cultural contexts. It consists of four subscales and 11 items: “emotional regulation” (2 items), “emotional dissonance” (3 items), “organizational monitoring” (2 items), and “organizational protective system for emotional labor” (4 items). KELS®11 demonstrated good validity (content validity ratio: 0.84; item convergence/discriminant validity success rates: 100%; correlation with burnout: r = 0.185–0.436, p < 0.01; correlation with depression: r = 0.128–0.339, p < 0.05) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.597–0.795). Additionally, sex-specific reference values were established to determine risk groups based on the intensity of emotional labor exposure.
Conclusions
KELS®11 is a validated and reliable measurement tool designed to assess the intensity and magnitude of emotional labor in the workplace. The revised tool reflects critical considerations in the development of emotional labor measurement scales.
감정노동: 한국적 맥락에서의 척도 개발 및 유용성 평가
목적
감정노동은 직무수행과정에서 조직 및 일에 요구되는 역할을 충족하기 위해 감정과 표현을 관리하는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구는 2014년 개발된 제1판(KELS-24)을 기반으로 한국형 감정노동 측정도구 개정판 (KELS®11)을 개발하고, 유용성 평가 과정을 통해 직장에서의 활용을 위한 실무적용과 평가지침을 제공하는 데 그 목적이 있다.
방법
KELS 11의 개정판은 8명의 전문가가 참여한 검토 과정을 거쳐 24개 항목으로 구성된 KELS®24를 토대로 구축되었다. 측정도구의 신뢰성과 타당성을 검증하기 위해 KELS®11, 소진 및 우울증 척도를 사용하여 359명의 서비스 산업 종사자를 대상으로 유용성 평가를 수행하여 재 분류하였고, 그 신뢰성과 타당성을 평가하였다. ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristic) 분석을 수행하여 성별 참고치(정상 대 고위험군)를 제시하였다.
결과
KELS®11은 개인, 조직, 문화적 맥락을 고려하여 설계되었다. '감정규제'(2문항), '감정부조화'(3문항), '조직모니터링'(2문항), '감정노동보호체계'(4문항) 등 4개의 하위 척도와 11개 항목으로 구성되어 있다. KELS®11은 우수한 타당도(CVR: 0.84; 문항 수렴/판별 타당성 성공률: 100%; 소진과의 상관관계: r=0.185–0.436, p < 0.01; 우울증과의 상관관계: r=0.128–0.339, p < 0.05) 및 신뢰도(Cronbach’s α: 0.597–0.795)을 보여주었다. 또한, 감정노동 노출 강도에 따라 위험군을 결정하기 위해 성별에 따른 참고치를 제시하였다.
결론
KELS®11은 업무수행과정에서 경험하는 감정노동의 강도와 규모를 평가하기 위해 감정노동 측정척도 개발에 필수적인 중요한 고려 사항을 반영하여 개발되어진 검증되고 신뢰할 수 있는 측정도구이다.
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Special Article
Workplace Violence (KWVS®13): scale development and validation in the Korean context
Da-Yee Jeung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Hansoo Song, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei-Jin Chang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e14.   Published online May 7, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e14
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Workplace violence refers to any act or threat of physical violence, verbal abuse, harassment, intimidation, bullying, mobbing, or other aggressive and disruptive behaviors that occur at work. This study aims to develop and validate a revision of the Korean Workplace Violence Scale (KWVS®13), based on the first edition of the Korean Workplace Violence Scale (KWVS-24), and to provide practical applications and guidelines for the Korean workplace environment.
Methods
The revised KWVS®13 was developed by restructuring the 24-item KWVS through a review process involving eight experts. To validate the reliability and validity of KWVS®13, a self-administered survey comprising KWVS®13, burnout, and depression scales was conducted among 359 service industry workers. KWVS®13 was reclassified, and its reliability and validity were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to establish sex-specific cutoff values (normal vs. risk) of the scale.
Results
KWVS®13 consists of 13 items across four subscales: “psychological and sexual violence from customers” (4 items), “psychological and sexual violence from supervisors or coworkers” (4 items), “physical assault from customers, supervisors, or coworkers” (2 items), and “organizational protective system for workplace violence” (3 items). We found that KWVS®13 shows relatively good validity (content validity ratio for content validity: 0.888; success rate of item convergent and discriminant validity: 100%, and significant correlation coefficient with burnout (r = 0.115–0.83, p < 0.05) and depression (r = 0.098–0.348, p < 0.05) with the exception of Organizational Violence Protection System for Workplace Violence) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.827–0.860). The reference values for determining risk groups according to the intensity of exposure to workplace violence are presented separately by sex.
Conclusions
KWVS®13 is a robust and useful measurement tool to objectively and quantitatively assess the intensity and magnitude of workplace violence. It incorporates important considerations for workplace violence assessment and provides a reliable framework for evaluating workplace violence in various professional settings.
직장폭력: 한국적 맥락에서의 척도 개발 및 유용성 평가
배경
직장폭력은 업무수행과정에서 발생하는 신체적 폭력, 언어 폭력, 괴롭힘, 협박, 따돌림, 집단 따돌림 또는 기타 공격적이고 파괴적인 행동의 모든 행위 또는 위협을 의미한다. 본 연구는 한국형 직장폭력 측정도구 제1판 (KWVS-24)을 기반으로 한 한국형 직장내 폭력 척도 개정판 (KWVS®13)을 개발하고 유용성 평가를 통해, 한국의 직장 환경에 대한 실무적용과 활용지침을 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다.
방법
개정된 KWVS®13은 8명의 전문가가 참여하는 검토 과정을 통해 24개 항목의 KWV-24를 재구성하여 개발되었다. 측정 도구의 신뢰성과 타당성을 검증하기 위해 KWVS®13, 소진 및 우울증 척도를 사용하여 359명의 서비스 산업 종사자를 대상으로 유용성 평가를 수행하여 재 분류하였고, 그 신뢰성과 타당성을 평가하였다. ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristic) 분석을 수행하여 성별 참고치(정상 대 고위험군)를 제시하였다.
결과
KWVS®13은 고객의 정신적/성적 폭력(4개 항목), 직장 내 정신적/성적 폭력(4개 항목), 직장/고객의 신체적 폭행(2개 항목), 폭력 보호체계(3개 항목)의 4개 하위 척도에 걸쳐 13개 항목으로 구성되어 있다. KWVS®13은 상대적으로 양호한 타당도 (CVR: 0.888, 항목 수렴 및 판별 타당성의 성공률: 100%), 소진 (r=.115- .83, p<0.05) 및 우울증(r=.098- .348, p<0.05, 폭력 보호체계 제외) 및 신뢰도 (Cronbach’s α: 0.827 - 0.860)를 보였다. 직장폭력에 대한 노출 강도에 따른 위험군을 결정하기 위한 참고치는 성별에 따라 제시하였다.
결론
KWVS®13은 직장폭력의 강도와 규모를 객관적이고 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 강력하고 유용한 측정도구로서 직장폭력 평가 시 고려되어야 할 중요 차원들을 반영하여 다양한 직무 환경에서 직장폭력을 정량적으로 평가하기 위한 유용한 측정도구이다.
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Special Issue
Statement by the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine on the proposed reform of working hours in South Korea
Hee-Tae Kang, Chul-Ju Kim, Dong-Wook Lee, Seung-Gwon Park, Jinwoo Lee, Kanwoo Youn, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Hansoo Song, Sung-Kyung Kim, Sang-Baek Koh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e17.   Published online July 5, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e17
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material

The current 52-hour workweek in South Korea consists of 40 hours of regular work and 12 hours of overtime. Although the average working hours in South Korea is declining, it is still 199 hours longer than the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average of 1,716 hours per year. In view to this, the South Korean government has now proposed to reform the workweek, mainly intending to increase the workweek to 69 hours when the workload is heavy. This reform, by increasing the labor intensity due to long working hours, goes against the global trend of reducing work hours for a safe and healthy working environment. Long working hours can lead to increased cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, industrial accidents, mental health problems, and safety accidents due to lack of concentration. In conclusion, the Korean government’s working hour reform plan can have a negative impact on workers’ health, and therefore it should be thoroughly reviewed and modified.


Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Gender differences in the association between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older workers in Korea: A population-based longitudinal study (2006–2022)
    Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Maturitas.2025; 193: 108175.     CrossRef
  • Occupational disease monitoring by the Korea Occupational Disease Surveillance Center: a narrative review
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    JMIR Research Protocols.2025; 14: e58655.     CrossRef
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    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Journal of Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between long working hours and poor cardiovascular health assessed by the American Heart Association’s “Life’s essential 8”: findings from a nationally representative sample of Korean workers (2014–2021)
    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between long working hours and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease: a nationwide population-based study in Korea
    S.-U. Baek, J.-U. Won, Y.-M. Lee, J.-H. Yoon
    Public Health.2024; 232: 188.     CrossRef
  • Association between long working hours and engagement in preventive healthcare services in Korean workers: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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    Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107849.     CrossRef
  • Long Working Hours, Work-life Imbalance, and Poor Mental Health: A Cross-sectional Mediation Analysis Based on the Sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey, 2020–2021
    Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
    Journal of Epidemiology.2024; 34(11): 535.     CrossRef
  • Association between long working hours and the onset of problematic alcohol use in young workers: A population-based longitudinal analysis in South Korea
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    Inah KIM
    Industrial Health.2024; 62(2): 77.     CrossRef
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    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won
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    Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Tae-Won Jang, Mo-Yeol Kang, Jungwon Kim, Eun-A Kim
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Original Article
Risk of insomnia symptoms according to Work-Family Conflict by workers’ characteristics
Kwanghyun Seo, Seungjun Ryu, Saebomi Jeong, Hee-Tae Kang, Sung-Kyung Kim, Sang-Baek Koh, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Sung-Soo Oh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e36.   Published online August 23, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e36
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

Work-Family Conflict means that the demands of work and family roles cannot be met simultaneously, so one cannot concentrate on one’s work or family role. This conflict can negatively affect mental health and cause insomnia symptoms.

Methods

This study was conducted on 20,442 subjects. Insomnia symptoms were assessed using the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale, and other variables were assessed using the questionnaire method. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of Work-Family Conflict on insomnia symptoms, and subgroup logistic regression analyses were also performed.

Results

The number of people with insomnia symptoms was 4,322 (15.1%). Compared with Low Work-Family Conflict, the odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of insomnia symptoms were 1.84 (95% confidence interval: 1.56–2.16) in High work-to-family conflict, 1.16 (1.02–1.32) in High family-to-work conflict, and 3.19 (2.87–3.55) in High Work-Family Conflict. The ORs were higher for men than women in High WFC but higher for women than men in High Work-Family Conflict.

Conclusions

The risk of insomnia symptoms was highest in High Work-Family Conflict.

근로자 특성별 일-가정 갈등에 따른 불면증 증상의 발생 위험
목적
일-가정 갈등이 근로자의 불면증 증상 발생에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 한다.
방법
이 연구는 20,442명의 피험자를 대상으로 수행되었다. 불면증 증상은 Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale을 사용하여 평가하였고, 기타 변수는 설문지 방법을 사용하여 수집하였다. 일-가정 갈등이 불면증 증상 발생에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 수행하였으며, 하위그룹 로지스틱 회귀 분석 또한 수행하였다.
결과
불면증이 있는 사람은 4,322명(15.1%)이었다. 전체 일-가정 갈등이 낮은 근로자와 비교했을 때, 불면증 증상 발생에 대한 오즈비는 WFC가 높은 근로자에서 1.84(95% 신뢰 구간 1.56-2.16), FWC가 높은 근로자에서 1.16(95% CI 1.02-1.32), 전체 일-가정 갈등이 높은 근로자에서 3.19(95% CI 2.87-3.55)이었다. 남성과 여성을 나누어 분석했을 때, WFC가 높은 근로자에서는 남성이 여성보다 오즈비가 높았으나 전체 일-가정 갈등이 높은 근로자에서는 여성이 남성보다 오즈비가 높았다.
결론
전체 일-가정 갈등이 높은 근로자에서 불면증 증상의 발생 위험이 가장 컸다.

Citations

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    Garin Lee, Ji-Hwan Kim, Seung-Sup Kim
    International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2024; 97(2): 199.     CrossRef
  • Association between long working hours and engagement in preventive healthcare services in Korean workers: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107849.     CrossRef
  • Difficulty Falling Asleep, Nocturnal Awakening, Sleep Dissatisfaction, and Irritability in the General Population
    Tetsuya Akaishi
    The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine.2024; 263(4): 261.     CrossRef
  • Association between single-person household wage workers in South Korea and insomnia symptoms: the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS)
    Yoon Ho Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Soon-Chan Kwon
    Ann Occup Environ Med.2024; 36: e25.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Relationship between job rotation and work-related low back pain: a cross-sectional study using data from the fifth Korean working conditions survey
Ji-Su Shin, Kwanghyun Seo, Hyun-Jeong Oh, MyeongSeob Lim, Hee-Tae Kang, Kyeong-Sook Jeong, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Kyung Kim, Sung-Soo Oh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e3.   Published online January 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e3
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Job rotation was introduced in various industries as a strategic form of work for improving workers' job skills and health management. This study aims to examine the relationship between job rotation and work-related low back pain (LBP), one of the typical work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean workers.

Methods

We conducted this study using the data of the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). As the subject of this study, 27,163 wage workers were selected, and classified into three groups according to occupational type (white-collar, service and sales, and blue-collar). In this study, job rotation means to change the work-related activities with other colleagues periodically and work-related LBP was defined as whether there was work-related LBP in the last 12 months. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between job rotation and work-related LBP.

Results

Out of 27,163 workers, 2,421 (8.9%) answered that they had job rotation and 2,281 (8.4%) answered that they experienced work-related LBP. According to the results from logistic regression, job rotation was significantly associated with low prevalence of work-related LBP among blue-collar workers (odds ratio [OR]: 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58–0.88), whereas no significant relationship was observed among white-collar, service and sales groups. In addition, the negative association between job rotation and work-related LBP among blue-collar workers was more pronounced when exposed to ergonomic risk factors (uncomfortable posture OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.98; heavy work OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57–0.96; repetitive work OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.60–0.92).

Conclusions

Job rotation was associated with low prevalence of work-related LBP among workers in the blue-collar occupational group in Korea. It is necessary to evaluate the effect of job rotation by occupational type and introduce an appropriate method of job rotation to reduce workers' work-related musculoskeletal symptoms.


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  • Mitigating safety challenges in human-robot collaboration: The role of human competence
    Kyungran Jung, Jae-Suk Yang
    Technological Forecasting and Social Change.2025; 213: 124022.     CrossRef
  • Physical hazards, musculoskeletal pain, and job control: Multilevel results from the European Social Survey
    Duygu Gulseren
    Safety Science.2022; 156: 105901.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Psychosocial factors affecting sleep quality of pre-employed firefighters: a cross-sectional study
MyeongSeob Lim, Solam Lee, Kwanghyun Seo, Hyun-Jeong Oh, Ji-Su Shin, Sung-Kyung Kim, Hee-Tae Kang, Kyeong-Sook Jeong, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh, Yeon-Soon Ahn
Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e12.   Published online May 8, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e12
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

There have been no health-related studies of pre-employed firefighters without firefighter-specific job-related factors (FSJRF). This study aimed to evaluate the sleep quality of pre-employed firefighters and to examine the relationship between sleep quality and psychosocial factors.

Methods

We conducted a self-report questionnaire survey for 602 pre-employed firefighters at 3 Fire Service Academies after brief lecture about sleep. Sleep quality and psychosocial variables such as depression, anxiety, stress and social support were evaluated. The independent 2 sample t-test, χ2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect of the variables on the sleep quality of pre-employed firefighters.

Results

Among a total of 602 people, 347 (57.6%) had good sleep quality and 255 (42.4%) had poor sleep quality. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score of them was 3.29 ± 1.41) and 7.87 ± 2.20), respectively. 24 (4.0%) were evaluated to have insomnia by Insomnia Severity Index. Logistic regression analyses showed that the depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.940, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.124–11.292), anxiety (aOR: 4.233, 95% CI: 2.138–8.381), stress (aOR: 2.880, 95% CI: 1.915–4.330) and social support (aOR: 0.959, 95% CI: 0.939–0.980) have a significant effect on sleep quality after adjusted by sex, age, smoking status, drinking status, caffeine intake, past shift working and circadian rhythm type.

Conclusions

Depression, anxiety, stress and social support were associated with sleep quality among pre-employed firefighters. Repeated follow-up studies of pre-employed firefighters are needed to further assess their change of sleep quality and identify the FSJRF that may affect the sleep quality of firefighters.


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  • Sleep Quality and Associated Factors Among Firefighters in Bangkok, Thailand: A Cross-sectional Study
    Nunnapat Piyachaiseth, Pornchai Sithisarankul, Jate Ratanachina
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(1): 83.     CrossRef
  • Screening for Comorbidity of Sleep Disorders in Career Firefighters
    Nancy A. Hamilton, Julia Russell, Kareem Hamadah, Westley Youngren, Addie Toon, Thu A. Nguyen, Kevin Joles
    Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2024; 66(1): 43.     CrossRef
  • The risk of insomnia by work schedule instability in Korean firefighters
    Saebomi Jeong, Jeonghun Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Kyoung Sook Jeong
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024; 36: e24.     CrossRef
  • Global prevalence and associated factors of sleep disorders and poor sleep quality among firefighters: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh, Saleh Al Sulaie, Saeid Yazdanirad, Robin Marc Orr, Hossein Dehdarirad, Alireza Milajerdi
    Heliyon.2023; 9(2): e13250.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and associated factors of poor sleep quality among industrial workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: findings from a cross-sectional study
    Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye, Addisu Genene Masresha, Tirhas Tadesse, Fantu Mamo Aragaw, Belay Desye, Giziew Abere
    BMJ Open.2023; 13(10): e073340.     CrossRef
  • Daily Sleep–Stress Reactivity and Functional Impairment in World Trade Center Responders
    Brett A Messman, Danica C Slavish, Madasen Briggs, Camilo J Ruggero, Benjamin J Luft, Roman Kotov
    Annals of Behavioral Medicine.2023; 57(7): 582.     CrossRef
  • Heterogeneity in patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and sleep disturbances among firefighters: Latent profile analyses
    Elizabeth L. Griffith, Ling Jin, Ateka A. Contractor, Danica C. Slavish, Anka A. Vujanovic
    Journal of Psychiatric Research.2022; 153: 64.     CrossRef
  • Association between sleep quality and type of shift work in Korean firefighters
    Hyun-Jeong Oh, Chang Sun Sim, Tae-Won Jang, Yeon Soon Ahn, Kyoung Sook Jeong
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Firefighter sleep: a pilot study of the agreement between actigraphy and self-reported sleep measures
    Joel M. Billings
    Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.2022; 18(1): 109.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Descriptive analysis of prevalence and medical expenses of cancer, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, psychiatric disease, and musculoskeletal disease in Korean firefighters
Jeehee Min, Yangwoo Kim, Hye Sim Kim, Jiyoung Han, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Sang-Baek Koh, Tae-Won Jang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e7.   Published online January 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e7
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Firefighters are exposed to many dangerous working conditions. Many studies have identified the risk of disease for firefighters, but only a few studies have addressed the medical expenses of firefighters, which represents a concrete scale of disease. Our purpose in this study was to determine the medical expenditures of firefighters to assess the overall scale of disease in Korea. We focused on cancer, mental disorders, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and musculoskeletal disease, the prevalence of which was expected to be high in firefighters.

Methods

This study utilized National Health Insurance Service data. We targeted firefighters, police officers, and government officials. We classified disease based on the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes. We compared prevalence by the age-standardized prevalence rate, considering standard distribution of the population. Medical expenditure of disease was defined as outpatient fees, hospitalization fees, and drug costs. Total medical expenditures were calculated by the sum of those 3 categories.

Results

The age-standardized prevalence of cancer, mental disorders, and cardiovascular disease in firefighters was slightly higher than or similar to that of government officials and police officers (no significant difference). However, medical expenditures for stomach cancer, mental disorders, and most cardio-cerebrovascular diseases were higher in firefighters than in others. In particular, firefighters spent 12 times more money for ischemic heart disease than did government officials. Of musculoskeletal diseases, lumbar disc disorder had the highest expenditures among firefighters.

Conclusions

The age-standardized prevalence of most of diseases of firefighters was not as high as in the other groups, but the medical expenses of firefighters were much higher than those of government officials and police officers.


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  • Injuries in the Fire Service: An Updated Review and Strategies for Practitioners
    Joel Martin, Nasser McCummings, Yosef Shaul, Marcie Fyock-Martin, Jodi McConnell
    Strength & Conditioning Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The global prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among firefighters: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh, Saeid Yazdanirad, Saleh Al Sulaie, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Robin Marc Orr
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2024; 30(1): 272.     CrossRef
  • Cohort Profile: The Registry-based Epidemiological Study of Cancer in Fire Unit and Emergency Officers (RESCUE) cohort
    Wonjeong Jeong, Yoon A Kim, Soo Yeon Song, Dong-Hee Koh, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jae-Lim Cho, Changsoo Kim, Jae Kwan Jun
    International Journal of Epidemiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Risk of Cerebro-Cardiovascular Diseases among Police Officers and Firefighters: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study
    Jongin Lee, Woo-Ri Lee, Ki-Bong Yoo, Jaelim Cho, Jinha Yoon
    Yonsei Medical Journal.2022; 63(6): 585.     CrossRef
  • Non-cancer health risks in firefighters: a systematic review
    Jeong Ah Kim, Soo Yeon Song, Wonjeong Jeong, Jae Kwan Jun
    Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022109.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Relationship between shift work and liver enzymes: a cross-sectional study based on the Korea National Health and Examination Survey (2007–2015)
Hyeongyeong Choi, Hyun-Jeong Oh, Ji-Su Shin, MyeongSeob Lim, Sung-Kyung Kim, Hee-Tae Kang, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e15.   Published online July 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e15
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Shift work has well-known adverse effects on health. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between shift work and hepatic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the association between shift work and abnormal level of liver enzymes.

Methods

The aggregated data from the 2007–2009, 2010–2012, and 2013–2015 cycles of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for this study. The χ2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to assess relationship between shift work and abnormal level of liver enzymes stratified by gender.

Results

The odds ratio (OR) of abnormal serum level of alanine aminotransferase (abnormal ALT) in female shift workers was higher with 1.31 (95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.71) compared with day workers after adjusting for covariates. After dividing into subgroups of the shift work pattern, the ORs of abnormal liver enzymes for each pattern compared with day work were not significantly higher.

Conclusions

This study provides limited support for the hypothesis that shift work is related to liver enzyme abnormalities, but offers some evidence in favor of the idea that shift work affects female workers more than males on abnormal ALT. Further studies are needed to define the relationship between shift work and abnormal liver enzymes to be carried out as well as the gender difference in the association.


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  • Shift work, thyroid function and liver function among subway workers
    F Yu, J Liu, T Qu, M Zhao, J Wang, S Jiang, L Ge, F Ye, L Liu, Z He, S Zhang
    Occupational Medicine.2025; 74(9): 668.     CrossRef
  • Investigating the relationship between shift work schedule and blood and metabolic parameters: a 10-years retrospective cohort study
    Ahmad Soltanzadeh, Meysam Eyvazlou, Mostafa Mohammad-ghasemi, Mansoureh Sadeghi-Yarandi, Monireh Rahimkhani, Neda Ghasemi, Mojdeh Bonyadi, Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Night shift-induced circadian disruption: links to initiation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and risk of hepatic cancer
    Anjali Singh, Baby Anjum, Qulsoom Naz, Sana Raza, Rohit A. Sinha, Mohammad Kaleem Ahmad, Abbas Ali Mehdi, Narsingh Verma
    Hepatoma Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Consequences of Shift Work and Night Work: A Literature Review
    Isabel Silva, Daniela Costa
    Healthcare.2023; 11(10): 1410.     CrossRef
  • Shift work and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease incidence among Chinese rail workers: a 4-year longitudinal cohort study
    Jiahui Xu, Shu Ni, Yuming Wang, Mengfan Yan, Xueli Yang, Han Ge, Zizhuo Jia, Ze Yang, Anqi Shan, Huanyu Liu, Nai-jun Tang
    International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2023; 96(1): 179.     CrossRef
  • Correlation between shift work and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among male workers in the steel manufacturing company of Korea: a cross-sectional study
    Kiseok Kim, Yong-Jin Lee, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Hyun Kyo Lee, Gwangin Baek, Sang Hyeon Kim, Eun-Chul Jang
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between long working hours and liver enzymes: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2017
    Ji-Hun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Dong-Wook Lee, Jeehee Min, Yu Min Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Factors associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase in employees of a German chemical company: results of a large cross-sectional study
    Matthias Claus, Christoph Antoni, Bernd Hofmann
    BMC Gastroenterology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Relationship between shift work and age-related macular degeneration: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012)
    Kibeom Kim, Seongyong Yoon, Jinseok Kim, Kuck-Hyun Woo, Seong-yong Cho, Ha-ram Jo
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Research Article
Relationship between simultaneous exposure to ergonomic risk factors and work-related lower back pain: a cross-sectional study based on the fourth Korean working conditions survey
Jae-Yeop Kim, Ji-Su Shin, Myeong-Seob Lim, Hyeon-Gyeong Choi, Sung-Kyeong Kim, Hee-Tae Kang, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:58.   Published online September 5, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0269-1
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

It is well known that ergonomic risk factors and back pain are related. However, few studies have examined the relationship between simultaneous exposure to these risk factors and back pain in a Korean population. We aimed to investigate the relationship between simultaneous exposure to ergonomic risk factors and work-related lower back pain (LBP) based on the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS).

Method

The fourth KWCS (2014) was used for this study. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to assess relationship between 5 ergonomic risk factors and work-related LBP. We also analyzed the relationship between simultaneous exposure to 2 risk factors and work-related LBP.

Results

All 5 ergonomic risk factors (fatigue-inducing and painful posture; lifting or moving people; dragging, pushing, or moving heavy objects; standing posture; and repetitive hand or arm movements) were significantly correlated with work-related LBP in the severe exposure group (adjusted odd ratios [aOR] 5.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.46–5.83; aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.62–2.42; aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.82–2.40; aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.60–2.01; aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.82–2.30, respectively). When exposed to 2 risk factors simultaneously, the relationship between exposure and work-related LBP was not greater than exposure to only 1 risk factor in our study (usually exposed to ‘fatigue-inducing or painful posture’ aOR 2.17, 95% CI 2.02–2.34; high exposure to both ‘fatigue-inducing or painful posture’ and ‘dragging, pushing, or moving heavy objects’ aOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.82–2.20).

Conclusions

There was a strong relationship between severe exposure to each ergonomic risk factor and work-related LBP. However, when exposed to 2 ergonomic risk factors simultaneously, the relationship between exposure and work-related LBP was not stronger than when exposed to only 1 risk factor in our study.


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    Maria Valentina Popa, Irina Luciana Gurzu, Claudia Mariana Handra, Bogdan Gurzu, Alina Pleșea Condratovici, Mădălina Duceac (Covrig), Eva Maria Elkan, Dana Elena Mîndru, Vlad Andrei Dabija, Letiția Doina Duceac
    Healthcare.2025; 13(10): 1116.     CrossRef
  • Association between commuting time and work-related low back pain with respect to sports and leisure activities in Korean workers
    Jaehyuk JUNG, Jae Bum PARK, Kyung-Jong LEE, Youngwook SEO, Inchul JEONG
    Industrial Health.2024; 62(2): 133.     CrossRef
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    Han-Wen Zhang, Hong-Ping Tan, Qiu-Xia Feng
    Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2023; Volume 16: 2459.     CrossRef
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    Nini Asfaw Negash, Azmeraw Tadele, Abebaw Jember Ferede
    Journal of Pain Research.2022; Volume 15: 1543.     CrossRef
  • Gender differences in associating musculoskeletal complaints, housework, electronic device usage and physical exercise for administrative workers
    Tânia M. Lima, Denis A. Coelho
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2022; 28(2): 1189.     CrossRef
  • Predictors of Satisfaction With Work Environment in the Context of a Mismatch in Working Hours: A Nationwide, Large-Scale, Cross-Sectional Study
    Robert Kim
    INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Canan Birimoglu Okuyan, Mehmet A. Begen
    Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.2022; 58(1): 173.     CrossRef
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    George A. Koumantakis, Antonios Malkotsis, Stefanos Pappas, Maria Manetta, Timotheos Anastopoulos, Apollon Kakouris, Eleutherios Kiourtsidakis
    Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal.2021; 41(02): 127.     CrossRef
  • A pilot study to assess a risk of a high-risk group of low back pain membership in workers who perform the manual material handling tasks
    Sungho Lee, Seongchan Heo, Jong-Young Lee
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between Occupational Noise and Vibration Exposure and Insomnia among Workers in Korea
    Fatima Nari, Yun Kyung Kim, Soo Hyun Kang, Eun-Cheol Park, Sung-In Jang
    Life.2020; 10(4): 46.     CrossRef
  • Association of Exposure to a Combination of Ergonomic Risk Factors with Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Korean Workers
    Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(24): 9456.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Factors increasing the risk for psychosocial stress among Korean adults living in rural areas: using generalized estimating equations and mixed models
Ju-Hyun Nam, Myeong-Seob Lim, Hyun-Kyeong Choi, Jae-Yeop Kim, Sung-Kyeong Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh, Hee-Tae Kang
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:53.   Published online October 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0209-5
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

This study was conducted to analyze the distribution of the psychosocial well-being index among adults living in two rural communities in Korea and to examine its correlation with lifestyle variables such as sleep duration, regular exercise, and sedentary time.

Methods

Using the cohort data of the Atherosclerosis Risk of a Rural Area Korean General Population, this study examined 3631 participants living in Wonju and Pyeongchang in Gangwon Province; their preliminary data were established from 2005 to 2007 while their follow-up data were collected 3 years later. This study investigated demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, disease history, Psychosocial Well-being Index-Short Form (PWI-SF) scores, sleep duration, regular exercise, and sedentary time during work. Using repeated measures ANOVA, this study examined how the variables and PWI-SF scores changed over the course of 3 years and identified the correlation between them based on mixed model analysis. Afterwards, using the generalized estimation equation, this study identified each variable’s risk towards the PWI-SF high-risk group and performed a stratified analysis by occupation after dividing the participants into farmers and non-farmers.

Results

The PWI-SF high-risk group was found to be 18.9% of the participants from preliminary data and 15.5% from follow-up data. The odds ratio towards the PWI-SF high-risk group was 1.503 (95% CI 1.241–1.821) in the short sleep duration group and 1.327 (95% CI 1.136–1.550) in the non-regular exercise group. A stratified analysis by occupation showed that middle and long sedentary time in the white-collar group increased the risk toward the PWI-SF high-risk group.

Conclusions

Short sleep duration, no regular exercise, and long sedentary time in the white-collar group were identified as risk factors toward the PWI-SF high-risk group in the rural communities, and policy interventions are needed to address this issue.


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  • Understanding Morning Emotions by Analyzing Daily Wake-Up Alarm Usage: Longitudinal Observational Study
    Kyue Taek Oh, Jisu Ko, Nayoung ­Jin, Sangbin Han, Chan Yul Yoon, Jaemyung Shin, Minsam Ko
    JMIR Human Factors.2024; 11: e50835.     CrossRef
  • The Association Between Short Sleep Duration and Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Farmers
    Sung Wook Song, Hyun Jung Lee, Jeong Rae Yoo, Jung-Hwan Oh
    Journal of Sleep Medicine.2023; 20(3): 188.     CrossRef
  • The Association between Psychosocial Stress and Type of Physical Activity in Middle Aged Adult: A Community-based Cohort Study
    DooYong Park, Jae-Young Park, EunKyung Kim, YeonSoo Kim
    The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2023; 41(3): 153.     CrossRef
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    Kyue Taek Oh, Jisu Ko, Jaemyung Shin, Minsam Ko
    JMIR Formative Research.2022; 6(9): e39497.     CrossRef
  • Mild sleep restriction increases 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in premenopausal women with no indication of mediation by psychological effects
    Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Ayanna Campbell, Brooke Aggarwal, Jasmine L. Taylor, Tanya M. Spruill, Arindam RoyChoudhury
    American Heart Journal.2020; 223: 12.     CrossRef
  • Correlation of physical fitness with psychological well-being, stress, and depression in Korean adults
    Bogja Jeoung
    Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation.2020; 16(4): 351.     CrossRef
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    Archana Singh, Manisha Arora, Vishal Sharma, Atul Kotwal
    Industrial Psychiatry Journal.2019; 28(1): 98.     CrossRef
  • Difference in health status of Korean farmers according to gender
    Ho Lee, Seong-yong Cho, Jin-seok Kim, Seong-yong Yoon, Bu-il Kim, Jong-min An, Ki-beom Kim
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Editorial
Trends in research on indoor radon exposure and lung cancer in South Korea
Dae Ryong Kang, Dongmug Kang, Kyoung-Bok Min, Changsoo Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:10.   Published online March 8, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0100-9
PDF

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  • Spatial modeling of radon potential mapping using deep learning algorithms
    Mahdi Panahi, Peyman Yariyan, Fatemeh Rezaie, Sung Won Kim, Alireza Sharifi, Ali Asghar Alesheikh, Jongchun Lee, Jungsub Lee, Seonhong Kim, Juhee Yoo, Saro Lee
    Geocarto International.2022; 37(25): 9560.     CrossRef
  • Erratum to: Trends in research on indoor radon exposure and lung cancer in South Korea
    Dae Ryong Kang, Dongmug Kang, Kyoung-Bok Min, Changsoo Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Information Insufficiency and Information Seeking
    Yoori Hwang, Se-Hoon Jeong
    Science Communication.2016; 38(6): 679.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Self-resilience as a protective factor against development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in police officers
Jong-Ku Lee, Hyeon-Gyeong Choi, Jae-Yeop Kim, Juhyun Nam, Hee-Tae Kang, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:58.   Published online October 17, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0145-9
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

This study was conducted to check whether self-resilience, one of the characteristics known to affect the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after experiencing traumatic events, could serve as a protective factor for police officers whose occupational factors are corrected.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study in which 112 male police officers in Gangwon Province participated. They visited the Wonju Severance Christian Hospital Occupational Environment Center for medical check-ups from June to December 2015. Their general characteristics were identified using structured questionnaires, and they were asked to fill in the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). Further, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale-Korean (CD-RI-K), and Impact of Event Scale-Revised-Korean version (IES-R-K) were used to evaluate their job stress, depression, self-resilience, and PTSD symptoms. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to correct their personal, occupational, and psychological factors to analyze the relationship between self-resilience and PTSD symptoms.

Results

Among 112 respondents who experienced a traumatic event, those with low self-resilience had significantly higher rate of PTSD symptoms than those with high self-resilience even after correcting for the covariate of general, occupational, and psychological characteristics (odds ratio [OR] 3.51; 95 % CI: 1.06–19.23).

Conclusions

Despite several limitations, these results suggest that a high degree of self-resilience may protect police officers from critical incident-related PTSD symptoms.


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Erratum
Erratum to: Trends in research on indoor radon exposure and lung cancer in South Korea
Dae Ryong Kang, Dongmug Kang, Kyoung-Bok Min, Changsoo Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:71.   Published online December 28, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0156-6
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Research Article
Association between night work and cardiovascular diseases: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey
Sungjin Park, Juhyun Nam, Jong-Ku Lee, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Sang-Baek Koh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:15.   Published online May 11, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0064-1
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between night work and cardiovascular diseases among wage workers in Korea.

Methods

The study was based on the 3rd Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS; 2011). This study included 29,711 wage workers. We used the chi-squared test and logistic regression to examine the association between cardiovascular diseases and night work and cumulative night work.

Results

Among all of the paid workers, 12.5% reported doing night work ≥ 1 day per month. Night work was significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (odds ratio [OR] 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-2.25). Also, compared to the group that did not do night works, the group with higher cumulative night work demonstrated an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.19-2.74).

Conclusions

This study suggests that night work is significantly associated with cardiovascular diseases.


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Editorial
Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Dongmug Kang, Young-Ki Kim, Eun-A Kim, Dae Hwan Kim, Inah Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh
Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:14.   Published online June 24, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-14
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