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Original Article
Cardiometabolic diseases according to the type and degree of hearing loss in noise-exposed workers
KyooSang Kim, Sun-Haeng Choi
Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e3.   Published online February 19, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e3
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDF
Background

This study aimed to determine the association between cardiometabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes, and the type and degree of hearing loss in noise-exposed workers.

Methods

A total of 237,028 workers underwent air conduction pure tone audiometry in 2015 to assess their health and diagnose cardiometabolic diseases. The study defined metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes using blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Mid-frequency hearing loss was defined as ≥ 30 dB at 2,000 Hz, whereas high-frequency hearing loss was ≥ 40 dB at 4,000 Hz. The average air conduction hearing thresholds at these frequencies were used to determine hearing loss degrees.

Results

The odds ratio (OR) of combined exposure to noise and night-shift work in all cardiometabolic diseases was higher than that of noise exposure alone. The risk of cardiometabolic diseases was dose-response, with higher hearing loss causing higher ORs. The ORs of hypertension compared with the normal group were 1.147 (1.098–1.198), 1.196 (1.127–1.270), and 1.212 (1.124–1.306), and those of diabetes were 1.177 (1.119–1.239), 1.234 (1.154–1.319), and 1.346 (1.241–1.459) for mild, moderate, and moderate-severe hearing loss, respectively.

Conclusions

Workers who are exposed to noise tend to demonstrate high risks of hearing loss and cardiometabolic diseases; thus, bio-monitoring of cardiometabolic diseases, as well as auditory observation, is necessary.

소음 노출 근로자의 난청 유형 및 정도에 따른 심혈관대사성 질환
목적
본 연구는 소음 노출 근로자의 사회인구학적 특성, 직업적 특성, 야간 근무 및 난청 여부에 따른 대사증후군, 고혈압, 당뇨병을 포함한 심장-대사성 질환과의 관련성을 파악하고자 하였다.
방법
2015년 237,028명의 근로자들의 기도 순음청력검사를 시행하여 난청 유형과 정도를 평가하고 심장-대사성 질환을 진단하였다. 이 연구는 혈압, 공복 혈당, 콜레스테롤 및 중성지방 수치를 이용하여 대사증후군, 고혈압 및 당뇨병을 정의하였다. 중음역 난청은 2000 Hz에서 30 dB 이상으로 정의한 반면 고음역 난청은 4000 Hz에서 40 dB 이상으로 정의하였다. 난청의 중증도는 이들 주파수의 기도 순음 청력역치의 평균으로 정하였다.
결과
모든 심장-대사성 질환에서 소음 노출과 야간 교대근무에 복합 노출된 경우 소음에만 노출된 경우보다 오즈비가 높았다. 청력손실이 클수록 유의하게 오즈비가 높으며 심장-대사성 질환과의 용량-반응 관계를 보였다. 정상군에 비해 고혈압의 오즈비는 경도 난청의 경우 1.147 (1.098 - 1.198), 중등도 난청의 경우 1.196 (1.127 - 1.270), 중등고도 난청의 경우 1.212(1.124 - 1.306)였다. 정상군에 비해 당뇨병의 오즈비는 경도 난청의 경우 1.177 (1.119 - 1.239), 중등도 난청의 경우 1.234 (1.154 - 1.319), 중등고도 난청의 경우 1.346 (1.241 - 1.459)이었다.
결론
소음에 노출된 근로자는 난청 및 심혈관계 질환의 위험이 높은 경향이 있으므로 청각적 관찰 뿐만 아니라 심혈관계 질환에 대한 생체 모니터링이 필요하다.
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Original Article
Association between physical hazardous agent exposure and mental health in the Korean working population: the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Daeil Kwon, Kyeongmin Kwak, Kiook Baek, Youngchan Chi, Sewhan Na, Jong-Tae Park
Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e33.   Published online November 8, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e33
AbstractAbstract AbstractAbstract in Korean PDFSupplementary Material
Background

Mental health problems are emerging issues in occupational safety and health, whereas the findings on the relationship between physical hazards and mental health are not consistent. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between physical hazard exposure and mental health outcomes including depression and anxiety.

Methods

We included 48,476 participants from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) in this study. The χ2 test and logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between physical hazard exposures and mental health. All statistical analyses were performed sex-specifically.

Results

In logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) of depression were significantly increased in male workers who were exposed to vibration (severe OR: 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–1.95) and noise (severe OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49–2.48) whereas the ORs of depression were not significant in female workers from vibration (severe OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.50–1.38) or noise exposure (severe OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.84–2.17). The ORs of anxiety were significantly increased in male workers with vibration (severe OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.43–2.15) and noise exposure (severe OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.69–2.63) whereas the OR between vibration and anxiety (severe OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.91–2.21) was not significant in female workers. High or low temperature exposure had significant associations with depression and anxiety in both male and female subjects.

Conclusions

Results of our study suggest that physical hazard exposures may be associated with increased risk of mental health problems including depression and anxiety. These associations are more prominent in male workers in comparison with female workers.

한국 노동인구에서 물리적 위험요인 노출과 정신건강의 연관: 제5차 근로환경조사 자료
목적
산업보건에서 정신건강 문제가 새롭게 대두되고 있으나 물리적 위험요인과 정신건강의 관련성에 대한 일치된 결과는 없었다. 본 연구는 물리적 위험요인 노출과 우울 및 불안의 상관관계를 밝히는 데에 목적을 두고 있다.
방법
본 연구는 제5차 근로환경조사에서 추출한 48,476명을 대상으로 수행하였다. 카이제곱 검정과 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하여 물리적 유해인자 노출과 정신건강의 상관관계를 평가하였다. 모든 통계 분석은 성별에 따라 각각 이루어졌다.
결과
로지스틱 회귀분석에서 우울의 오즈비(odds ratio; OR)는 진동(심한 노출 OR: 1.54, 95% 신뢰구간 [confidence interval; CI]: 1.21, 1.95) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49, 2.48) 노출이 있는 남성 근로자에서 통계적으로 유의하게 증가한 반면 여성 근로자에서는 진동(심한 노출 OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.50, 1.38) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.84, 2.17) 모두 통계적 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. 불안의 오즈비는 남성 근로자에서 진동(심한 노출 OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.43, 2.15) 및 소음(심한 노출 OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.69, 2.63)이 있는 경우 통계적으로 유의한 상승을 보였으나 여성 근로자에서 진동과 불안 간의 오즈비(심한 노출 OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.91, 2.21)는 유의하지 않았다. 고온 및 저온 노출의 경우 남녀 모두에서 우울, 불안과 유의한 상관관계가 확인되었다.
결론
본 연구의 결과는 물리적 유해인자 노출이 우울, 불안 등의 정신건강 문제 위험의 증가와 관련이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 이러한 관계는 여성 근로자보다 남성 근로자에서 더 두드러지게 나타났다.

Citations

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  • Youth at work: Exploring the relationship between social status, a history of child labour, and health
    Emine Öncü, Elif Okay, Yağmur Çelik, Kadir Uçar
    Social Science & Medicine.2025; 365: 117579.     CrossRef
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    JACS Au.2024; 4(7): 2412.     CrossRef
  • Exploring the relationship between adverse working environments and poor psychological states of Chinese workers: A comprehensive study
    Feifei Cheng, Yuanyuan Wu, Min Yao, Xin Wang, Ling'ou Li
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 351: 442.     CrossRef
  • Association between physical risk factors and sleep disturbance among workers in Korea: The 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
    Inho Park, Seunghan Kim, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Sleep Medicine.2022; 100: 157.     CrossRef
  • Proposal of Combined Noise and Hand-Arm Vibration Index for Occupational Exposure: Application to a Study Case in the Olive Sector
    Raquel Nieto-Álvarez, María L. de la Hoz-Torres, Antonio J. Aguilar, María Dolores Martínez-Aires, Diego P. Ruiz
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(21): 14345.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Speech-in-Noise Test results of compensation claimants for noise induced hearing loss in Korean male workers: Words-in-Noise Test (WIN) and quick-Hearing-in-Noise Test (HINT)
Ji Soo Kim, Joong Keun Kwon, Nam Jeong Kim, Ji Ho Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e11.   Published online April 20, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e11
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Pure-tone audiometry is used as a gold standard for hearing measurement. However, since communication in the work environment occurs in noise, it might be difficult to evaluate the actual communication ability accurately based on pure-tone audiometry only. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate speech intelligibility in noisy environments by using Speech-in-Noise Tests and to check its relationship with pure-tone audiometry.

Methods

From January 2017 to September 2018, for 362 workers who visited a university hospital for the purpose of compensating for noise-induced hearing loss, several tests were conducted: pure-tone audiometry, speech reception threshold, speech discrimination score, and Speech-in-Noise Tests (Words-in-Noise Test [WIN] and quick-Hearing-in-Noise Test [quick-HINT]). The subjects were classified into serviceable hearing group and non-serviceable hearing group based on 40 dB hearing level (HL) pure-tone average. In both groups, we conducted age-adjusted partial correlation analysis in order to find out the relationship between pure-tone threshold, speech reception threshold, speech discrimination score and WIN and quick-HINT respectively.

Results

In non-serviceable hearing group, all results of partial correlation analysis were statistically significant. However, in serviceable hearing group, there were many results which showed little or no significant relationship between pure-tone threshold and Speech-in-Noise Tests (WIN and quick-HINT).

Conclusions

The relationship between Speech-in-Noise Tests and the pure-tone thresholds were different by the hearing impairment levels; in mild to moderate hearing loss workers, there was little or no relationship; in severe cases, the relationship was significant. It is not enough to predict the speech intelligibility of hearing-impaired persons, especially in mild to moderate level, with pure-tone audiometry only. Therefore, it would be recommended to conduct Speech-in-Noise Test.


Citations

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  • Cochlear Implantation after Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannoma: Initial Hearing Improvement and Longevity of Hearing Restoration
    Kurtis Young, Maeher R. Grewal, Rodney C. Diaz, Arthur W. Wu, Mia E. Miller
    Otology & Neurotology.2023; 44(3): 201.     CrossRef
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Research Article
The effect of earplug training on noise protection
Jung Won Kim, Seonhee Yang, Insung Chung, Mi-Young Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e34.   Published online November 12, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e34
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Noise-induced hearing loss is an occupational disease, and workplace noise exposure is a major hazard in Korea. Although hearing protectors effectively reduce a worker's exposure to noise, their success is compromised by the wearer's inability to fit the protectors correctly, and there are no proper training methods for using hearing protectors in small-scale industries. This study aims to evaluate the effect of earplug training on hearing protection using field microphone-in-real-ear (F-MIRE) and prevent noise-induced hearing loss.

Methods

The study population comprised 172 noise-exposed manufacturing workers who visited occupational health facilities in Daegu, South Korea, between July 2014 and September 2017. Personal attenuation ratings (PARs) were calculated with F-MIRE. Paired t-tests were used to compare the differences in PAR (dB) before and after training, and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to compare the differences in PAR according to the number of trainings.

Results

Mean PARs increased after the first and second training, and the differences were statistically significant. Among the 30 participants who received all 4 trainings, PARs were significantly higher after each training than before the training. As the number of training increased, the differences in PARs significantly increased. When comparing pretraining PARs for each training session, we found statistically significant differences between the first and second training and between the second and third training, but not between the third and fourth training.

Conclusion

In this study, the short- and long-term effects of earplug training were statistically significant. In particular, the PAR before and after the fourth training showed the greatest increase, and the PARs continued to increase during each training.


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  • The protective effect of wearing hearing protection devices in noise-induced hearing loss and its potential influencing factors in the Chinese adult population
    Linyan Shu, Zhixing Fan, Jia Tang, Guoyong Xu, Jianyu Guo, Taihua Long, Junle Wu, Minghui Xiao, Shijie Hu, Bin Xiao
    Science of The Total Environment.2025; 964: 178507.     CrossRef
  • Hearing protection field attenuation estimation systems and associated training for reducing workers’ exposure to noise
    Thais C Morata, Wei Gong, Christina Tikka, Alessandra G Samelli, Jos H Verbeek
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of Hearing Conservation In-Processing Procedures at a U.S. Marine Corps Accession Point
    Devon Kulinski, Sara Murphy, Jolene Mancini, Douglas S. Brungart
    Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups.2024; 9(6): 1683.     CrossRef
  • Evaluating the Effectiveness of Earplugs in Preventing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in an Auto Parts Factory in China
    Wei Gong, Liangliang Zhao, Ling Li, Thais C. Morata, Wei Qiu, Huiling Amy Feng, Baoli Zhu
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(13): 7190.     CrossRef
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Research Article
The effect of diabetes on 4-year changes of hearing thresholds in male workers exposed to noise in a single company: a longitudinal study
Dae Yun Kim, A Ram Kim, Joo Hyun Sung, Choong Ryeol Lee, Jiho Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e11.   Published online June 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e11
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Recently, several studies have assessed the association between diabetes and hearing impairment. However, the effect of diabetes on hearing impairment is not well known in diabetic patients exposed to noise, a typical cause of hearing impairment. The aim of this study is to longitudinally analyze the effect of diabetes on hearing impairment in workers exposed to similar noise levels from 2013 to 2017 who had experienced little change in their working conditions.

Methods

The study subjects included 2,087 male workers exposed to noise in a single company and who underwent health examinations at the same hospital in Ulsan city in 2013 and 2017. Hearing impairment was defined that a pure-tone average of pure-tone audiometry (PTA) thresholds at 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 Hz was 25 dB and over in both ears. Statistical analyses were conducted using χ2 tests, ANOVA, and Cox proportional hazard models. We analyzed covariates that might affect hearing impairment, including age; working period; levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and serum creatinine; smoking and alcohol history; and noise level.

Results

The average PTA thresholds and their average changes between 2013 and 2017 were significant in the diabetes mellitus (DM) group than those in the normal and impaired fasting glucose group. Among the subjects with the same status of fasting glucose group in 2013 and 2017, the adjusted hazard ratios for incident hearing impairment among those in the DM group compared to normal group were 3.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54–7.29) in the left ear and 5.66 (95% CI, 2.01–15.98) in the right ear.

Conclusions

This study suggested that the risk of hearing impairment in the DM group was significantly higher than that in the normal group in both ears, even when exposed to similar noise levels.


Citations

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  • Individual and combined effects of noise exposure and diabetes mellitus on hearing
    Lan Zhang, Hui Liao, Zongnan Li, Jianhui Yuan
    Noise and Health.2024; 26(123): 449.     CrossRef
  • Noise-induced Hearing Loss among Non-Medical Workers in a Healthcare Institution
    Manju Deena Mammen, Ann Mary Augustine, Anjali Lepcha, Jessie Sophia Sharma, Arockiaraj Arul Prakash, Ajay Philip
    The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health.2023; 13(1): 13.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Insomnia and hearing impairment among occupational noise exposed male workers
Hyeong-Min Lim, WonYang Kang, Won-Ju Park, Keun-Ho Jang, Ji-Sung Ann, Jai-Dong Moon
Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:36.   Published online August 15, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0195-7
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between insomnia and hearing impairment among workers exposed to occupational noise.

Methods

This study included 809 male workers exposed to occupational noise. The participants underwent audiometric testing, and their insomnia was examined based on the Insomnia Severity Index test. Hearing impairment was defined as hearing threshold >25 dB hearing level in the range of 1–4 kHz.

Results

According to analysis of covariance, it was observed that pure tone audiometry thresholds at 1–2 kHz in the right ear and at 1 kHz in the left ear were significantly higher among workers with insomnia compared to those with no insomnia. Multiple logistic regression analysis of insomnia for hearing impairments was performed, which showed the odds ratio was 1.806 (95% confidence intervals: 1.022–3.188, p = 0.042) after adjustment for age, working period, noise level, snoring, use of protection devices, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Conclusion

Insomnia could be associated with hearing impairment in workers who are exposed to occupational noise. Additionally, insomnia may be associated with decreased hearing at low frequencies. Especially, more efforts are required to improve the quality of sleep for workers who are exposed to loud occupational noise. Further well- designed prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship between insomnia and hearing impairment.


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    Noise Mapping.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Peng Zhang, Xiaogang An, Runqin Yang, Meihao Qi, Zejun Gao, Xinyu Zhang, Ziqi Wu, Zeyu Zheng, Xinyu Dong, Wenyue Wang, Xiaocheng Wang, Dingjun Zha
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    Hyeon Jo, Eun-Mi Baek
    BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Hashir Aazh, Marja Heinonen-Guzejev, Brian C. J. Moore
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    Hashir Aazh, Brian C. J. Moore
    International Journal of Audiology.2019; 58(4): 208.     CrossRef
  • Evidence for an Association Between Hearing Impairment and Disrupted Sleep: Scoping Review
    Nathan A. Clarke, Derek J. Hoare, Edward C. Killan
    American Journal of Audiology.2019; 28(4): 1015.     CrossRef
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Research Article
Comparisons of hearing threshold changes in male workers with unilateral conductive hearing loss exposed to workplace noise: a retrospective cohort study for 8 years
Sang Jin Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim, Seok Hyeon Yun, Jeong Han Yeom, Joong-Keun Kwon, Jiho Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:51.   Published online September 22, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0132-1
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate hearing threshold changes of workers with unilateral conductive hearing loss who were exposed to workplace noise for 8-years.

Methods

Among 1819 workers at a shipyard in Ulsan, 78 subjects with an air-bone gap ≥10 dBHL in unilateral ears were selected. Factors that could affect hearing were acquired from questionnaires, physical examinations, and biochemistry examinations. Paired t-test was conducted to compare the hearing threshold changes over time between conductive hearing loss (CHL) ear and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) ear.

Results

The study included male subjects aged 48.7 ± 2.9, having worked for 29.8 ± 2.7 years. Hearing thresholds increased significantly in CHL ears and SNHL ears at all frequencies (0.5–6 kHz) during follow-up period (p < 0.05). The threshold change at 4 kHz was 3.2 dBHL higher in SNHL ears which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). When workers were exposed to noise levels of 85 dBA and above, threshold change at 4 kHz was 5.6 dBHL higher in SNHL ears which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Among workers aged below 50, the threshold change values were lower in low-frequency (0.5–2 kHz) in SNHL ears, with a small range of changes, whereas in high-frequency (3–6 kHz), the range of changes was greater SNHL ears (p < 0.05). Among workers aged 50 and above, SNHL ears showed a wider range of changes in both high- and low-frequency areas (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

At high-frequencies, particularly at 4 kHz, the range of hearing threshold changes was lower in ears with conductive hearing loss than in contralateral ears. This is suggested as a protective effect against noise exposure.


Citations

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  • Prevalence of Pre-Existing Hearing Loss Among Patients With Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa
    Hyejeong Hong, David W. Dowdy, Kelly E. Dooley, Howard W. Francis, Chakra Budhathoki, Hae-Ra Han, Jason E. Farley
    American Journal of Audiology.2020; 29(2): 199.     CrossRef
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Research Article
The effect of aircraft noise on sleep disturbance among the residents near a civilian airport: a cross-sectional study
Kyeong Min Kwak, Young-Su Ju, Young-Jun Kwon, Yun Kyung Chung, Bong Kyu Kim, Hyunjoo Kim, Kanwoo Youn
Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:38.   Published online September 2, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0123-2
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Aircraft noise is a major environmental noise problem. This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between sleep disturbance and exposure to aircraft noise on the residents who are living near an airport.

Methods

There were 3308 residents (1403 in the high exposure group, 1428 in the low exposure group, and 477 in the non-exposure group) selected as the subjects for this study. The Insomnia severity Index (ISI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaires were used to evaluate sleep disturbance.

Results

The mean ISI and ESS scores were 6.9 ± 6.4 and 5.5 ± 3.7, respectively, and the average scores were significantly greater in the aircraft noise exposure group, as compared to the non-exposure group. The percentage of the abnormal subjects, which were classified according to the results of the ISI and ESS, was also significantly greater in the noise exposure group, as compared to the control group. The odd ratios for insomnia and daytime hypersomnia were approximately 3 times higher in the noise exposure group, as compared to the control group.

Conclusions

The prevalence of insomnia and daytime hypersomnia was higher in the aircraft noise exposure group, as compared to the control group. Further study is deemed necessary in order to clarify the causal relationship.


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Research Article
Relationship of cigarette smoking and hearing loss in workers exposed to occupational noise
Joo Hyun Sung, Chang Sun Sim, Choong-Ryeol Lee, Cheol-In Yoo, Hun Lee, Yangho Kim, Jiho Lee
Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:8.   Published online July 3, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-8
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

To investigate the effects of smoking on hearing loss among workers exposed to occupational noise.

Methods

From the results of a special workers health examination performed in 2011, we enrolled 8,543 subjects exposed to occupational noise and reviewed the findings. Using self-reported questionnaires and health examination results, we collected data on age, smoking status, disease status, height, weight, and biochemistry and pure tone audiometry findings. We divided the workers into 3 groups according to smoking status (non-smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker). Current smokers (n = 3,593) were divided into 4 groups according to smoking amount (0.05–9.9, 10–19.9, 20–29.9, ≥30 pack-years). We analyzed the data to compare hearing thresholds between smoking statuses using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling for confounder effects.

Results

According to ANCOVA, the hearing thresholds of current smokers at 2 k, 3 k, and 4 kHz were significantly higher than that of the other groups. Multiple logistic regression for smoking status (reference: non-smokers) showed that the adjusted odds ratios of current smokers were 1.291 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.055–1.580), 1.180 (95% CI: 1.007–1.383), 1.295 (95% CI: 1.125–1.491), and 1.321 (95% CI: 1.157–1.507) at 1 k, 2 k, 3 k, and 4 kHz, respectively. Based on smoking amount, the adjusted odds ratios were 1.562 (95% CI: 1.013–2.408) and 1.643 (95% CI: 1.023–2.640) for the 10–19.9 and ≥30 pack-years group, respectively, at 1 kHz (reference: 0.05–9.9 pack-years). At 2 kHz, the adjusted odds ratios were increased statistically significantly with smoking amount for all groups. At all frequencies tested, the hearing thresholds of noise-exposed workers were significantly influenced by current smoking, in particular, the increase of hearing loss at low frequencies according to smoking amount was more prevalent.

Conclusions

Current smoking significantly influenced hearing loss at all frequencies in workers exposed to occupational noise, and heavier smoking influenced low-frequency hearing loss more greatly. There was a dose–response relationship between smoking amount and low-frequency hearing thresholds; however, this was not observed for high-frequency hearing thresholds. Therefore, well-designed prospective studies are needed to clarify the effects of smoking on the degree of hearing loss.


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    Vladimir F. Spirin, Svetlana V. Raikova, Nataliia E. Komleva, Andrey M. Starshov
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    Marwin Li, Natalie M. Perlov, Jena Patel, Dev Amin, Ayan Kumar, Zachary D. Urdang, Thomas O. Willcox, Rebecca C. Chiffer
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Original Article
The Characteristics of Tinnitus and Hearing Threshold: In Workers with Noise Induced Hearing Loss from a Hospital Setting
Nam Jeong Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Chang Sun Sim, Choong Ryeol Lee, Young Joo Kwon, Ji Ho Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(4):431-440.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.4.431
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to define the relationship between the characteristics of tinnitus and hearing threshold (puretone and speech) in workers with noise induced hearing loss (NIHL).
METHODS
A total of 189 cases(378 ears) from workers with compensation claims for NIHL during 2004-2009 were investigated. Various factors, including age, work carriers, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, noise exposure level of worksite hearing threshold, speech discrimination score, pitch match, and loudness of tinnitus were analyzed.
RESULTS
The average hearing threshold of all subject was 44.2 dBHL, puretone audiometry thresholds in subjects with tinnitus were lower than the non-tinnitus group (except at 8000 Hz). Using speech audiometry, the tinnitus group showed a lower speech recognition threshold and speech discrimination score. The tinnitus group also had an average tinnitus frequency of 4195.2 Hz, loudness of 73.6 dB, and tinnitus sensation average of 6.0 dBSL. These frequencies of tinnitus were in the lowest puretone audiometry frequencies. Tinnitus loudness had a strong relationship with puretone and speech audiometry thresholds.
CONCLUSIONS
In cases beyond moderate hearing loss, the tinnitus group had a better puretone (except 8000 Hz) and speech hearing status, and most comfortable loudness (MCL) level. In addition, puretone and speech audiometry thresholds increase with tinnitus loudness.

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  • The Relationship Between Tinnitus Frequency and Speech Discrimination in Patients With Hearing Loss
    Joo Hyung Oh, Taehun Lim, Joon Bum Joo, Ju Eun Cho, Pona Park, Jong Yang Kim
    Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2023; 66(3): 156.     CrossRef
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    Heonzoo Lee, Sejin Kim, Rayoung Park, Sungsu Lee, Hyong-Ho Cho, Yonggwan Won
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Original Article
The Effects of Aircraft Noise Exposure upon Hearing Loss, Anxiety, and Depression on Subjects Residing Adjacent to a Military Airbase
Yu Rim Jeong, Jae Beom Park, Kyoung Bok Min, Chan Lee, Hyun Gwon Kil, Won Wook Lee, Kyung Jong Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):40-51.   Published online March 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.40
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
To determine the level of aircraft noise exposure and how it relates to hearing loss, and to investigate the association between noise exposure and anxiety and depression in subjects residing adjacent to a military airbase.
METHODS
The study was conducted upon 898 inhabitants between the ages of 30-79, living near the military airbase in Jeonra-do. The subjects were divided into three noise-exposure groups: high-exposure, low-exposure, and a control group. The cut-values were 80 and 60 on the Weighted Equivalent Continuous Perceived Noise Level scale. A self-administered questionnaire including the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were completed. Pure tone audiometry tests were performed.
RESULTS
Hearing loss prevalence was defined by a >40 dB loss in bilateral ears or in one ear; the difference of <15 dB compared to the better side was 30.8%. The mean BAI/BDI score was 18.9+/-14.3/18.7+/-11.6, the number of abnormal subjects with BAIs > or =22 was 317 (35.3%), with BDIs > or =21 was 347 (38.6%). The pure tone average, BAI, and BDI scores were higher in the noise-exposure groups compared to the control. The BAI/BDI abnormal subjects showed a higher hearing threshold shift level compared to the normal scored subjects. The odd ratios for anxiety was significantly high in both noise exposure groups and the hearing loss, for depression was significantly high in high-exposure group and hearing loss.
CONCLUSIONS
Anxiety and depression were higher when exposure to high-level noise and further complicated by hearing loss. Further investigation is needed to determine the cause-effect relationship.

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  • Normal İşiten ve İşitme Kaybına Sahip Yetişkin Bireylerin Beck Depresyon Envanterine Göre Değerlendirilmesi ve Karşılaştırılması
    Ayşenur Ercan, Selva Zeren
    İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2024; (23): 865.     CrossRef
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    Sukyung Noh, Sang-Yong Eom
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    Jae-sang Cho, Sock-kyu Lee, In-gi Baek, Sang-hyun Kim, Jeung Lee, Ji-ho Choi
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    Kang Ho Lee, Chang Ho Chae, Young Ouk Kim, Jun Seok Son, Ja-Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Saeng Jung
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Characterisitics of Tinnitus and Its Relationship to Depression from Tinnitus Acquired from Military Service
    Kyoo Sang Kim, Ji Hae Kim, Yong Hun Yoon
    Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2012; 55(12): 757.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Effects of Aircraft Noise on Children's Mental Health: Data from the Health Survey of Inhabitants in the Vicinity of Gunsan Airport
Kyeong Yeol Yu, Jae Beom Park, Kyoung Bok Min, Chan Lee, Hyun Gwon Kil, Yu Rim Jung, Kyung Jong Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):298-306.   Published online December 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.298
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of aircraft noise exposure on children's mental health problems such as depression and personality.
METHODS
We obtained data from the health examinations of school children in the vicinity of Gunsan airport. This survey was conducted in the rural area, Gunsan during 2009. The study population included 195 children attending 4th to 6th grade from 6 elementary schools near the airport. Based on 60 Weighted Equivalent Continuous Perceived Noise Level (WECPNL) measures of aircraft noise, participants were divided into 2 groups; the exposure group consisted of 106 children from 4 schools, and the reference group included 89 children from the 2 schools in Gunsan. All children completed questions on general characteristics, the Korean Children's Depression Inventory (KCDI) for depression, and the Korea Human Nature Inspection (KHNI) for personality.
RESULTS
Children in the exposure group were at higher risk of depression (5.62, 95% CI 1.12~28.25), and personality changes (2.08, 95% CI 1.07~4.05) than those of the reference group. In particular, children's diligence, cooperation, and concentration, subgroups of personality measure, were affected significantly and negatively, by aircraft noise level.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that exposure to aircraft noise at school is associated with mental health problems in children. Requirements should be implemented to manage aircraft noise of its affect on children's health.

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  • Influence of noise exposure on cardiocerebrovascular disease in Korea
    Myoungjin Oh, Kwangsoo Shin, Kyungah Kim, Jungwoo Shin
    Science of The Total Environment.2019; 651: 1867.     CrossRef
  • Effects of APU Noise on Employees on the Ramp
    Sung-Jae Park
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(7): 720.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Effects of Workplace Noise and Hearing Protective Devices on Worker's Speech Intelligibility
Hyoung Ouk Park, Chang Sun Sim, Joong Keun Kwon, Kyoo Sang Kim, Young Joo Kwon, Nam Jeong Kim, Min Suk Seo, Ji Ho Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(2):154-165.   Published online June 30, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.2.154
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of intelligible speech in workers wearing hearing protective devices and the differences in background noise type.
METHODS
A total 82 shipyard company employees and normal hearing volunteers were recruited as subjects from a company in Ulsan: subjects were classified to the hearing-impaired group or to the control group according to hearing status. They were tested pure tone and speech audiometry in varying test environments including signal-to-noise ratio and background noise type in a headphone and in a free field environment.
RESULTS
For both groups, the attenuation of hearing protective devices was greater at high frequencies. For the hearing-impaired group, speech discrimination scores differences between the unprotected and the protected ear were not significant between background noise type, when speech was presented at 65 dBA. However speech intelligibility in white noise background was lower than in the other background noise types when speech was presented at 75 dBA.
CONCLUSIONS
Workers' speech intelligibility increased with an increasing signal-to-noise ratio. Speech intelligibility was also dependent on background noise type. Workers and their colleagues were trained to pronounce words more loudly and more clearly when they wearing hearing protective devices or other communication methods that do not use sound signal should be considered.

Citations

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  • Effects of Hearing Protection Methods and Noise Directions on Bone-Conduction Sensitivity
    Woojae Han
    THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF KOREA.2013; 32(5): 423.     CrossRef
  • An experimental study on the improving noise characteristic of hydraulic power unit
    Gi Chun Lee, Yong Bum Lee
    Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering.2013; 37(6): 638.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Relationship of Aircraft-noise and the Result of Audiological Evaluation Among Residents Near U.S. Military Airbases in Pyeongtaek City
Jong Do Jeong, Hyunjoo Kim, Jae Yun Jung, Sangchul Roh, Ho Jang Kwon
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(2):154-164.   Published online June 30, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.2.154
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective: To investigate the relationship between aircraft noise and the results of audiological evaluation on tinnitus and hearing loss among residents near United States military air-bases in Pyeongtaek city.
METHODS
Residents (n=492) exposed to aircraft noise were selected from eight villages near U.S. military air-bases (K-55 and K-6) in Pyeongtaek city. Residents (n=200) from five villages located at least 10 km away from the air-base were selected for the control group. All participants completed a questionnaire on tinnitus and audiological evaluations included pure tone audiometry (PTA) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). Statistical analyses involved a general linear model and multiple logistic regression stratified by gender and data was adjusted by age, educational level, stress response index and noise type (i.e. military, agricultural and occupational).
RESULTS
The equivalent noise levels (Leq) in the vicinity of the air-field were 73.4~81.5 dB (A). Tinnitus prevalence was 47.3% and odds ratio (OR) was 2.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09~3.88) among noise-exposed males. Tinnitus prevalence was 50.8% and OR was 1.97(95% CI: 1.17~3.30) among noise-exposed females. Tinnitus handicap scores among exposed group were significantly higher in functional, emotional, and catastrophic subclasses (p<0.001). PTA revealed hearing thresholds among the exposed group of 0.5 and 1 kHz (male right ear), 0.5 and 1 kHz (female left ear) and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 kHz on female right ear that were significantly higher than those of the unexposed group. No significant difference in DPOAE was observed among noise-exposed males. However, significant differences were evident for noise-exposed females at 3175 and 4007 Hz. ORs of right female ears 3175 and 4007 Hz were 1.73(95% CI: 1.01~2.99) and 1.78(95% CI: 1.01~3.15). ORs of left female ears at 3175 Hz and 4007 Hz were 1.92(95% CI: 1.10~3.36) and 2.71(95% CI: 1.49~4.91) CONCLUSIONS: Aircraft noise may adversely affect hearing function and tinnitus.

Citations

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  • Occupational Hearing Loss in Korea
    Kyoo Sang Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S62.     CrossRef
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Original Article
The Impact of Noise Expose on the Hearing Threshold Extended High Frequency
Nam Jeong Kim, Joong Keun Kwon, Ji Ho Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(2):81-92.   Published online June 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.2.81
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
To determine how extended high frequency is affected by noise exposure and other factors that maybe have adverse effects.
METHODS
Pure tone audiometry for usual frequencies (250-8000 Hz) and extended high frequencies (1000-16000 Hz) was conducted for 331 workers at a manufacturing company from 2004 to 2005. History of noise exposure, military service, tinnitus, alcohol drinking, smoking, ear diseases, and noisy hobbies were taken by interview. T-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression was conducted according to the frequency to evaluate the factors that could affect extended high frequency hearing.
RESULTS
The noise-exposed group had significantly poorer hearing than the noise-unexposed in the frequency range 2000-16000 Hz. The hearing deteriorated with increasing age through all the frequencies. High frequency hearing of 14000 Hz was significantly worse in the noise-exposed group in their 30s. Noise exposure during military service had a bad effect on hearing, especially for the noise-unexposed group. Tinnitus was associated with poorer hearing in both noise-exposed and noise-unexposed groups. Workers with noisy hobbies exhibited better hearing in the noise-unexposed group, contrary to our expectation. Extended high-frequency hearing was affected by aging, ear protection, and noisy hobbies. In extended high frequency, 14000 Hz was especially related with noise exposure history.
CONCLUSIONS
Extended high frequency, especially 14000 Hz, could be used as an indicator of noiseinduced hearing loss and should be considered as a screening test for workers in noisy environments.

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  • Stress of Noise on Dental Technician
    Ju Hee Lee
    Journal of Korean Acedemy of Dental Technology.2014; 36(2): 111.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Comparison of the Standard Threshold Shift Criteria for Evaluating Hearing Conservation Programs
Chang Sun Sim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Yu Jung Kim, Na Ri Choy, Choong Ryeol Lee, Hun Lee, Jong Pil Jung, Ok Hyun Kim, Yo Weon Lee, Seung Rim Yang, Sung Soo Oh, Ji Ho Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):179-188.   Published online September 30, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.179
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
Workers from a factory was selected to compare 8 standard threshold shift criteria with the Korean diagnostic criteria of noise-induced hearing loss for this cohort study.
METHODS
From 1990 to 1999, 491 workers at a manufacturing company with complete record of the hearing test covering the range of 0.5~6 kHz for 10 consecutive years were finally selected. Eight standard threshold shift criteria (15 dB once, NIOSH (1972), 10 dB average 3~4 kHz, OSHA STS, AAOHNS, 15 dB twice, 15 dB 1~4 kHz, OSHA STS twice) along with the Korean standard for diagnosing the noise-induced hearing loss (the average hearing threshold at 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz) were compared to calculate the degree of the threshold shift and the minimum time required to detect the change.
RESULTS
Those workers showing at least one positive shift in the 'once'criteria of NIOSH (1972) were 92.5%; the 'average'criteria of 10 dB average 3~4 kHz were 35.8%; 'twice'criteria of 15 dB twice were 44.4%. The duration from the baseline to the year showing the first positive shift was from 3.2 +/- 3.1 years (NIOSH, 1972) to 6.0 +/- 2.1 years (OSHA STS twice). The percentage of true positive shift ranging from 20.4% (AAO-HNS) to 69.8% (NIOSH, 1972). There were 10 (2%) which met the Korean diagnostic criteria of noise-induced hearing loss.
CONCLUSIONS
Currently the concept of hearing threshold shift in diagnosing the hearing loss was adopted in Korea thus in this study we determined the validity and the effect of the various hearing threshold shift criteria and showed that NIOSH (1972) criteria was the best of all. In the future, hearing data from various manufacturing workers should be compared to thoroughly evaluate the threshold shift criteria and to establish adequate standard for Korean workers.

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Original Article
Ambient Noise Levels in the Audiometric Test Rooms Used for Special Periodic Health Examination
Kyoo Sang Kim, Yong Hyu Choi, Yong Lim Won, Seong Kyu Kang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(3):316-328.   Published online September 30, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.3.316
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The ambient noise levels in the test rooms affect the workers's hearing threshold. The present study was designed to assess the ambient noise levels in the test rooms to determine if valid hearing tests, both pure-tone air conduction and bone-conduction, could be performed in these environments.
METHODS
In the present study, third octave band ambient noise sound pressure levels were measured in 124 audiometric test rooms used for clinical audiometry, and the results were compared with the ANSI third octave band maximum permissible ambient noise levels (MPANLs) for each test condition and frequency range.
RESULTS
The ambient noise SPLs were highest in the lower frequencies, and this decreased as the frequency increased. For the "ears covered"condition, about 24.2% of the rooms were in compliance (pass) with the MPANLs for the 125-8000 Hz, 35.5% were in compliance for the 250-8000 Hz range and 55.6% were in compliance for the 500-8000 Hz range. For the "ears not covered"condition, only about 8.1% of the rooms passed for the 125-8000 Hz, 13.7% of the rooms passed for the 250-8000 Hz range and 34.7% of the rooms passed for the 500-8000 Hz range. All 124 rooms met the OSHA MPANLs.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study strongly indicate that clinical audiometry is being conducted in test rooms having unacceptable or excessive ambient noise levels.

Citations

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  • Ambient Noise in Candidate Rooms for User-Operated Audiometry
    Christos Sidiras, Jacob Nielsen, Chris Bang Sørensen, Jesper Hvass Schmidt, René Gyldenlund Pedersen, Ellen Raben Pedersen
    Healthcare.2023; 11(6): 889.     CrossRef
  • Achievements, Problems, and Future Direction of the Quality Control Program for Special Periodic Health Examination Agencies in Republic of Korea
    Yong Lim Won, Kyung Sun Ko, Jae Oh Park, Yoon jung Choi, Hyeji Lee, Jung-min Sung, Mi-young Lee
    Safety and Health at Work.2019; 10(1): 125.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Hearing Thresholds in Electronics Sound Inspectors Exposed to Continuous and Impulsive Type Noises
Seong Ah Kim, Kyoo Sang Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(3):227-235.   Published online September 30, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.3.227
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the relation between different types of exposure to noise and a classic sign of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL); the audiometric notch.
METHODS
A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was carried out in electronics sound inspectors exposed to continuous and impulsive type noises. The noise levels in the working environments, and the audiometric hearing threshold levels were measured.
RESULTS
Electronics sound inspectors were exposed to impulsive noise ranging from 74.1 to 88.9 dBA. The hearing loss induced by impulsive noise was greater and was characterized by maximum loss at 6 kHz audiometric frequency, as opposed to the notch at 4 kHz that is typical of continuous noise.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the probable effect of impulsive noise on hearing should be considered even when the exposure is within the 85 dB equivalent A-weighted level. To diagnose NIHL it is important to elicit a detailed and accurate history of exposure to noise. Although the notch at 4 kHz is a well established clinical sign and may be valuable in confirming the diagnosis, the 6 kHz notch is variable and of limited importance.

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Original Article
The Predictive Study for Hearing Loss using Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission in Mild Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Sang Yong Oh, Won Chul Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(3):290-298.   Published online September 30, 2003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.3.290
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to predetermine the discrimination standard point of distortion product otoacoustic emission(DPOAE) amplitudes, which discriminates the degree of the mild noise-induced hearing loss, and to estimate the accuracy and predictability of the discrimination standard point of DPOAE amplitudes. Therefore we were able to determine the usability of the DPOAE test in screening exam for mild noise-induced hearing loss.
METHODS
This study was analyzed 50 high frequency-impaired ears(from 25dB HL to 40dB HL at 4000Hz for which the response of DPOAE was not disappeared) and 81 normal ears through the correlation test between the amplitudes of DPOAE test and the threshold of the pure-tone audiometry test.
RESULT
The discrimination between >or=25dB and CONCLUSION
DPOAE test is considered as a more efficient early prevention method against noise-induced hearing loss if this test is conducted as part of the special medical checkup of industrial workers exposed to noise.

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Original Article
Characteristics and Affecting Factors of Tinnitus in Noise Exposed Workers
Kyoo Sang Kim, Ho Keun Chung
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(4):436-447.   Published online December 31, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.4.436
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
Tinnitus is a relatively common complaint of workers who are exposed to noise. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus as well as the factors related to the prevalence of tinnitus.
METHODS
A cross-sectional audiologic survey was combined with a questionnaire on tinnitus in a stratified random sample of 246 shipyard workers who had long-term exposure to noise.
RESULTS
Forty seven had tinnitus, giving a prevalence of 19.1 percent. The tinnitus was the here and now in 44.7 percent of cases, bilateral in 51.1 percent, and caused sleep disturbances in 12.8 percent. The prevalence of tinnitus was highest in shipfitters and those with longer exposure duration.The workers with tunnitus had consistently higher hearing thresholds at both high and low frequencies than those with no tinnitus.The workers with tinnitus had a significantly higher prevalence of hearing disorders such as conductive hearing loss, a C5-dip, and NIHL.Multivariative logistic regression indicated that past history of ear disease, working and military service exposure to noise were independently associated with tinnitus. The adjusted odds ratio estimates for tinnitus were 3.0 times greater (95%CI 1.4-6.4) for the group with a past history of ear diseases,2.3 times greater (95%CI 1.0-5.0) for the military noise exposed group,and 4.5 times greater (95%CI 1.8-11.1) for the working noise exposed group.
CONCLUSIONS
The results provide evidence that reports of tinnitus at the time of the annual audiometric testing may be useful in identifying workers at greater risk of developing significant shifts in their hearing thresholds. An awareness of the possible occurrence of tinnitus may encourage workers to cooperate more actively in a company's hearing conservation program.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A systematic review of the reporting of tinnitus prevalence and severity
    Abby McCormack, Mark Edmondson-Jones, Sarah Somerset, Deborah Hall
    Hearing Research.2016; 337: 70.     CrossRef
  • The Characterisitics of Tinnitus and Its Relationship to Depression from Tinnitus Acquired from Military Service
    Kyoo Sang Kim, Ji Hae Kim, Yong Hun Yoon
    Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2012; 55(12): 757.     CrossRef
  • Occupational Hearing Loss in Korea
    Kyoo Sang Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S62.     CrossRef
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Case Report
Atypical Noise-induced Hearing Loss As a Workers'Impairment Criteria
Kyoo Sang Kim, Moon Suh Park, Seong Kyu Kang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(3):334-345.   Published online September 30, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.3.334
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The problem of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was objectively and systematically investigated by diagnosing three workers who complained of tinnitus and hearing disturbance.
METHODS
Atypical hearing loss is diagnosed as a work-related disease by using general medical methods, such as environmental survey, neurological examination, otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, otoacoustic emissions (OAE), auditory-evoked potentials, and interview on the history of past disease, family and occupation.
RESULTS
Three results were found according to the work-related hearing loss as follows; (1) hearing loss that is caused by exposure to continuous noise of less than 85 dB(A) or impact noise of greater than 135 dB peak, (2) mixed hearing loss that has progressed due to noise with past otitis media, and (3) atypical hearing loss that showed remarkable differences between air and bone conduction due to tinnitus.
CONCLUSIONS
The criteria for work-related hearing loss should be carefully investigated by considering exposure to impact noise, the effect of continuous noise on mixed hearing loss patients, and the hearing loss caused by tinnitus.

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Original Article
Appropriateness of the Method and Evaluation in Pure-tone Audiometry in the Special Periodic Health Examination of Noise-exposed Workers
Kyoo Sang Kim, So Yeun Kim, Young Sook Cho, Ho Keun Jung
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(3):262-273.   Published online September 30, 2001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.3.262
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate that noise-exposed workers have been appropriately selected for the special periodic health examination and that pure-tone audiometry has been correctly applied and the results of these have been properly analyzed.
METHODS
We obtained health examination data of noise-exposed workers from 48 special periodic health examination agencies. The data consisted of special periodic health examination results and audiograms that had performed examination during the latter half of 1998. We analysed the appropriateness of the subject selection for the second special periodic health examination of noise-exposed workers, the method of pure-tone audiometry, and the evaluation of audiogram.
RESULTS
The screening performance rate is 67.65% in the special periodic health examination of noise-exposed workers. Although 34.29 persons per agency should have had a second examination according to our criteria, only 18.44 persons were actually examined. So a third of subjects were omitted. The air and bone conduction performance rate by each frequency is 75.71 %. 24.29 % persons did not have a bone conduction and were evaluated only by air conduction. The correct use rate of symbols(right, left-unmasked AC, masked AC, unmasked BC, and masked BC) recommended by ASHA(American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) was 70.36 %. Generally air conduction threshold is equal to or higher than bone conduction threshold. In the reverse case, especially if the gap is more than 10 dB(BC-AC > 10), this is considered to be incorrect. When we applied this criteria, the result indicated that it was correct in 75.46 %. The performance rate of air masking was 15.03 %, and bone masking was 26.21 %. 7 among 48 agencies diagnosed NIHL(Noise-Induced Hearing Loss) only by air conduction, 8 performed air masking and 13 did bone masking. When compared with ISO Standard(1964) and Ministry of Labor Standard, the results of evaluation(D1, D2) on hearing loss according to hearing loss type and threshold were rather low.
CONCLUSIONS
Hearing Quality Assurance Program about periodic special examination agencies and examiners will continue to be needed and also the evaluation of hearing loss should be performed and controlled using accurate criteria. This will reduce the error among examiners and results in individuals by means of a standard that is capable of being accurate and reliable.

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Original Article
The Association of Workplace Cumulative Noise Exposure and Blood Pressure
Sang Yun Lee, Jai Young Kim, Hyoung June Im, Ki Jung Yoon, Hong Ryul Choi, Sang Baek Koh, Dae Hee Kang, Soo Hun Cho
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(2):200-208.   Published online June 30, 2001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.2.200
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The association of workplace cumulative noise exposure and blood pressure was investigated in this study using cross-sectional design.
METHODS
The study population comprised 852 manufacturing male workers of whom occupational health examination data, questionnaire and personnel records were available. Workplace ambient noise monitoring data was used for calculating individual cumulative noise exposure level. Mean of each systolic and diastolic blood pressure of occupational health examination data was used for individual systolic and diastolic blood pressure level. Possible confounding variables including family history of hypertension, smoking habit, alcohol drinking habit were collected by questionnaire. On the basis of job location and duration of work at the location, a cumulative time-weighted average noise level was calculated for each workers. According to this cumulative noise exposure level, each study subject was categorized as low noise exposure group, moderate noise exposure group, high noise exposure group, very high noise exposure group. Among noise exposure groups, mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was compared after adjusting possible confounding variables such as age, body mass index, serum cholesterol level, family history of hypertension, smoking history, alcohol drinking habit.
RESULTS
After adjusting possible confounding variables, noise exposure group was significant explanatory variables for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and mean of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of very high exposure group was higher than that of low exposure group.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggested that the high cumulative noise exposure might elevate the blood pressure.

Citations

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  • Impact of Indoor Green in Rest Space on Fatigue Recovery Among Manufacturing Workers
    ChoHye Youn, LeeBom Chung, Minji Kang, Juyoung Lee
    Journal of Environmental Science International.2024; 33(3): 217.     CrossRef
  • The relationship between occupational noise exposure and hypertension using nearest age-matching method in South Korea male workers
    Min Gi Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Zhongmin Jin
    Cogent Engineering.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cohort study for the effect of chronic noise exposure on blood pressure among male workers in Busan, Korea
    Ji Ho Lee, Weechang Kang, Seung Rim Yaang, Nari Choy, Choong Ryeol Lee
    American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2009; 52(6): 509.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation in noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss
Dong Hoon Shin, Won Ki Baek, In Sung Chung
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(3):319-326.   Published online September 30, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.3.319
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
A different sequence change, in the mitochondrial tRNA gene, has been proposed as a candidate mutation in the sensorineurnal hearing loss. The purpose of current study is to identify the association between the noise-induced sensorineurnal hearing loss and the A to G mutation at nucleotide 3243 of mitochondrial DNA.
METHODS
Subjects were established by history and chart review, and audiological and clinical data were obtained. Blood was sampled from 101 controls, 50 noise-induced hearing loss, and 12 sensorineural deafness. The DNA of these individuals was extracted, and mitochondrial genome was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, the coding sequence of mitochondrial genome was sequenced, and compared to the normal sequence, and all sequence variations were analyzed by restriction endonuclease ApaI.
RESULTS
Mitochondrial DNA mutation (3243A->G) was not detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in any patients with noise-induced hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and normal control without hearing loss in Koreans. The DNA sequencing of PCR products did not revealed an A to G substitution at nucleotide 3243 of mitochondrial DNA.
CONCLUSIONS
The noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss was not associated with mitochondrial DNA mutation (3243A->G)

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Original Article
Effects of transient threshold shift and ambient noise on sensitivity and specificity of first screening of special health examination for noise
Jong Uk Won, Moon Kyoo Bang, Joong Ho Song, Sedn Ah Jeong, Jae Suk Song, Jaehoon Roh
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):269-276.   Published online June 30, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.269
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECT: This study was performed to increase the sensitivity and specificity for screening the examinee of second hearing test.
METHODS
Study subjects were 219 workers who exposed more than average 80dB. They were taken the hearing test two times, before noise exposure and at 1 hour to 4 hours after worksite noise exposure. To investigate the ambient noise workers who were taken the hearing test in the test room which ambient noise was less than 45dB were classified Group I and the others were classified Group E. To calculate the sensitivity and specificity we made it gold standard whether worker had noise induced hearing loss.
RESULTS
Difference of hearing loss between before and after noise exposure for left and right ear was 11. 4 dB and 11. 7 dB respectively at 500 Hz, 8. 7 dB and 9. 6 dB at 1, 000 Hz, 6. 3 dB and 6. 9 dB at 2, 000 Hz and 6. 9 dB and 7. 4 dB at 4, 000 Hz in Group I. That for left ear and right ear was 5.8 dB and 4.9 dB at 500 Hz respectively, 5.4 dB and 6.4 dB at 1,000 Hz, 6.3 dB and 5.3 dB at 2,000 Hz, and 5.5 dB and 5.8 dB at 4,000 Hz in Group E. The sensitivity was 100 in both Groups and the specificity was increased to 58. 3 and 71. 8 in Group I and Group 3 respectively until 10 dB was deducted from hearing level at 1, 000 Hz and 4, 000 Hz.
CONCLUSION
When the screening hearing test was performed at worksite, we might deduct 10 dB from measured hearing level to increase the specificity without reduction of sensitivity.

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Original Article
Related factors of high frequency hearing loss in the noise-exposed male workers
Sang Je Jung, Kuck Hyeun Woo, Wan Deup Park, Jae Young Yu, Tae Sung Choi, Sang Woo Kim, Jin Seok Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):187-197.   Published online June 30, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.187
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the study was to assess the risk factors assumed to be related to the high frequency hearing loss in the noise-exposed male workers.
METHODS
712 occupationally noise-exposed male workers were included in this cross sectional study. The subjects filled out a questionnaire on the history of noise exposure, hearing protection, otologic diseases, tobacco smoking, and were tested on height, weight, hematocrit, serum total cholesterol level, fasting plasma glucose level and arterial blood pressure level. Pure tone audiometry and otoscopy were conducted and the subjects were allocated into two groups according to whether they had 4000 Hi hearing loss or not.
RESULTS
The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that military noise exposure, poor wearing status of the hearing protection devices, increased age, long noise exposure duration, mean arterial pressure less than 80mmHg, high fasting plasma sugar are the factors significantly related to high frequency hearing loss (P<0.05). On the contrary, there was no significant relationship between noise intensity, body mass index, serum total cholesterol level, smoking and high frequency hearing loss. Low hematocrit was shown to be a significant factor with a p-value less than 0.1.
CONCLUSIONS
High frequency hearing loss in the noise-exposed male workers is related to military noise exposure, use of hearing protection devices, age, noise exposure length, fasting glucose level and mean arterial pressure, in this order. Appropriate use of the hearing protection devices has a great impact on the prevention of the noise-induced hearing loss.

Citations

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  • The effect of diabetes on 4-year changes of hearing thresholds in male workers exposed to noise in a single company: a longitudinal study
    Dae Yun Kim, A Ram Kim, Joo Hyun Sung, Choong Ryeol Lee, Jiho Lee
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Original Article
Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of the Workers Exposed to Industrial Noise
Young Kee Kim, Tae Joon Cha, Joo Hyun Byun, Kwang Ook Koh, Yong Hwan Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):99-110.   Published online March 31, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.99
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of industrial noise on blood pressure and heart rate.
METHODS
Resting blood pressure, hearing loss, and general characteristics of the 102 subjects who were engaged in a factory in Pusan were measured from March to June for two years, in 1998 and 1999. With noise dosimeter, noise exposure level was measured from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were also measured every 30 minutes from 8 A.M. to 10 P. M.
RESULTS
Controlling for age, smoking, and Quetelet's index, in subjects of under 40 years old exposed to higher than 85dBA, noise exposure and systolic blood pressure had a statistically significant correlation, and the same result was obtained in all subjects. The daily variability of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were observed in older than 40 years old group, but only heart rate in under 40 years old.
CONCLUSIONS
The blood pressure and heart rate would be elevated when the workers exposed to noise. And in under 40 years old, the systolic blood pressure was elevated to the workers exposed to higher than 85dBA.

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Original Article
The Association of the Serum Magnesium with Hearing Loss Among Noise Exposed Male Workers
Wan Seoup Park, Jong Young Lee, Sang Jae Jung, Jae Young Yoo, Tae Sung Choi, Sung Chul Hong, Sung Chan No
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):12-25.   Published online March 31, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.12
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate that the chronic noise exposure is associated with decreased serum magnesium concentrations and evaluate whether decreased serum magnesium is associated with noise induced hearing loss.
METHODS
One hundred seventy-eight male workers exposed to noise were selected and classified three groups by the degree of hearing loss. Hearing threshold levels were less than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or less than 40 dB at 4,000 Hz in group I, more than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or more than 40 dB at 4,000 Hz and 15 dB and less of pure tone average(PTA: (500 Hz+1,000 Hz+2,000 Hz)/3) in group II, more than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or more than 40 dB at 4, 000 Hz and over 15 dB of PTA in group III.
RESULTS
Serum magnesium concentrations were 2. 42+/-0. 26 nc/dt in group I, 2. 35+/-0.23 mg(dl in group II, 2.26+/-0.24 ne/dl in group III, respectively and significantly different between group I and group III (p<0. 01). It was negatively correlated with duration of the noise exposure as correlation coefficient(r) of -0.194 (p<0.05). Analysis of the multiple regression on hearing threshold levels showed that serum magnesium, diastolic blood pressure, duration of the noise exposure were statistically significant at 4,000 Hz(p<0.05). While only age was statistically significant at 1,000 Hz(p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that chronic noise exposure may induces decrease in serum magnesium concentrations and that its decreased concentration is related with noise induced hearing loss.

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Original Article
Health Effects of Aircraft Noise on Residents Living Near an Airport
Kyung Jong Lee, Jae Beom Park, Jae Yeon Jang, Sun Mi Cho, Se Wi Lee, Jong Goo Kim, Soon Young Lee, Jong Ja Kwak, Ho Keun Chung
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(4):534-545.   Published online December 31, 1999
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.4.534
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
; This study was conducted to reveal the health effects of aircraft noise on the residents live near the military airport.
METHODS
We sampled systematically 87 residents as the high exposed group, 58 residents as the low exposed group according to the geographical distance from the airport. We also sampled 67 residents as the control group lived far from the airport. Noise levels were measured for conform the exposures. Self-administered questionnaires for symptoms, air conduction hearing threshold level, blood pressure blood cholesterol with health examinations, and SCL-90-R were introduced to get the data from the residents.
RESULTS
The Ld/n at the area near the airport was 72.4 dB, however that of control area was 67. 7 dB. The value of pure tone average, high pure tone average, and threshold of 4,000 Hz were decreased with exposure level significantly. Linear regression analysis showed that the noise exposure level of the airport was related to the hearing threshold at pure tone average, threshold of 4,000 Hz, and high pure tone average. The systemic and diastolic blood pressure showed dose-response relationship with noise exposure. The prevalence of hypertension was higher in exposed group, but not statistically significant. In linear regression, noise level was related to systolic and diastolic blood pressure with other variables such as age, sex, BMI (Body Mass Index), and family history of hypertension. SCL-90-R showed that exposed group had higher score significantly in neurotic and psychologic variable and felt the various somatic symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that aircraft noise would influence hearing loss at low frequencies as well as 4,000 Hz and higher frequencies, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and psychological response.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Influence of noise exposure on cardiocerebrovascular disease in Korea
    Myoungjin Oh, Kwangsoo Shin, Kyungah Kim, Jungwoo Shin
    Science of The Total Environment.2019; 651: 1867.     CrossRef
  • Study on the Health Status of the Residents near Military Airbases in Pyeongtaek City
    Hyunjoo Kim, Sangchul Roh, Ho-Jang Kwon, Ki Chung Paik, Moo-Yong Rhee, Jae-Yun Jeong, Myung Ho Lim, Mi-Jin Koo, Chang-Hoon Kim, Hae Young Kim, Jeong-Hun Lim, Dong-Hyun Kim
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2008; 41(5): 307.     CrossRef
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Original Article
Comparison of Post-Health Care of Workers with Noise Induced Hearing Loss between Medium Sized Industries and a Large Automobile Industry
Seung Hae Han, Soo Keun Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(2):229-240.   Published online June 30, 1999
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.2.229
AbstractAbstract PDF
In order to compare post-health care between medium sized enterprises(50-300 employees) and a large enterprise(an automobile manufacture plant) and to evaluate factors related to post?health care performance of workers with noise induced hearing loss, this study was carried out. One hundred and eighty nine workers were surveyed to the questionnaire on general and occupational characteristics, receipt of the examination result, perception and attitudes toward special health examination, contentedness with post-health care performance on the examination result and reason not to have post-health care performance. The results were as follows: 1. The employee in large enterprise perform post-health care higher than medium sized enterprises and main control method was taking ear protective device. The 27.5% of workers with NJHL did not perform any post-health care. 2. Comparing with large enterprise, medium-sized enterprises had more interview with workers of NJHL and some enterprises performed more health education and more improvement of working environment. But there were a few medium-sized enterprises which did not provide ear protective device and had indifference manager. 3. The variables that significantly related to the post-health care of manager side was receipt of health examination result(p < 0.05), the post-health care of worker side were size of enterprise, age(p <0.05) and receipt of health examination result(p <0. 1).

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