Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Review

Impacts of heat on sleep quality among heat-exposed workers: a systematic review: Maarthi Raja, Vidhya Venugopal, D. C. Mathangi, Suvarna Jyothi Kantipudi, K. Mahesh Kumar, Somnath Panda, Latha Perumal Kamalakkannan; Ann Occup Environ Med 2026;e3. Published online January 8, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2026.38.e3 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Climate change is intensifying occupational heat exposure, posing risks not only for heat-related illness but also for sleep, which is essential for recovery, safety, and productivity. Heat-exposed workers are highly vulnerable due to prolonged exposure, limited access to cooling, and poor housing. This systematic review aimed to synthesise global evidence on how occupational heat exposure affects sleep quality among workers across different occupations and settings. A systematic review was conducted following Synthesis without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched (2000–2025) for studies involving adult workers (≥18 years) reporting both heat exposure and sleep outcomes. The review was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD420251125735). Of 7,108 records screened, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies spanned Asia, Australia, North America, and global cohorts. Heat exposure consistently impaired sleep quality and duration. Using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Actigraphy, and self-reports, common complaints included difficulty falling asleep (64%), restlessness (54%), non-restorative sleep (54%), night sweats (36%), and reduced total sleep time (45%). Night-time temperatures above 25°C and high workplace wet bulb globe temperature values were strongly linked with reduced sleep efficiency and delayed sleep onset. Vulnerable groups included shift workers, petrochemical and steel labourers, women, older adults, and low-income workers in urban heat islands and poorly ventilated housing. Occupational heat exposure disrupts sleep, compounding daytime strain and creating a dual burden for workers. Integrating sleep into heat stress management through cooling interventions, better housing, and revised work–rest schedules is critical for worker well-being in a warming climate

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Data Profile

Data profile: Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study (KWSHS): Seong-Sik Cho, Jeehee Min, Heejoo Ko, Mo-Yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e3. Published online February 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e3

The Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study (KWSHS) was launched in 2022 as a longitudinal panel study to examine the interactions between work conditions, sleep health, and labour market performance among the Korean workforce. Baseline data were collected from 5,517 participants aged 19 to 70, encompassing diverse occupations. Follow-up surveys occur biannually, accommodating seasonal variations in sleep and health dynamics. To ensure stability, refreshment samples were integrated in later waves, maintaining a cohort size of 5,783 participants in wave 5. Key data include socio-demographics, employment characteristics, sleep patterns, health outcomes, and workplace performance. Early findings highlight critical associations, such as the adverse effects of occupational physical activity on productivity, the impact of emotional labour on health-related productivity loss, and the significance of sleep disruptions on mental health. The cohort’s design enables detailed analyses of longitudinal and cross-sectional trends, offering insights into how changing work environments influence health and productivity. The KWSHS could serve as a vital resource for evidence-based interventions aimed at improving occupational health and productivity in Korea's evolving labour landscape. Data access is available through the study’s principal investigator upon request.

한국 직업, 수면 및 건강 연구(KWSHS)
한국 직업, 수면 및 건강 연구(KWSHS)는 한국 노동자의 근로 조건, 수면 건강, 노동 시장 성과 간 상호작용을 조사하기 위해 2022년에 시작된 종단적 패널 연구이다. 기초 자료는 다양한 직업군을 포함하여 19세에서 70세까지의 5,517명을 대상으로 수집하였다. 후속 설문조사는 수면 및 건강 역학의 계절적 변동성을 고려하여 2년마다 실시하며, 코호트의 안정성을 유지하기 위해 후속 조사에서는 보충 표본을 추가하여 5차 웨이브에서는 총 5,783명의 코호트 규모를 유지하였다. 주요 자료에는 사회인구학적 정보, 고용 특성, 수면 패턴, 건강 결과 및 직장 성과 등이 포함된다. 초기 연구 결과는 직업적 신체활동이 생산성에 미치는 부정적 영향, 감정 노동이 건강 관련 생산성 손실에 미치는 영향, 그리고 수면 장애가 정신 건강에 미치는 중요성을 포함한 주요 연관성을 강조하고 있다. 본 코호트의 설계는 종단적 및 횡단적 추세에 대한 세부적인 분석을 가능하게 하여 변화하는 근로 환경이 건강 및 생산성에 미치는 영향을 심층적으로 이해할 수 있게 한다. KWSHS는 한국의 변화하는 노동 환경 속에서 직업 건강 및 생산성을 향상시키기 위한 근거 기반 개입을 위한 중요한 자원이 될 수 있다. 데이터 접근은 연구 책임자에게 요청을 통해 가능하다.

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The Impact of Comorbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnea (COMISA) on Work Ability: Results From Population‐Based Panel Data in Korea
Heejoo Ko, Seong‐Sik Cho, Dong‐Wook Lee, Jaesung Choi, Min‐Seok Kim, Mo‐Yeol Kang
Journal of Sleep Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Working Time Control With Health-Related Productivity Loss and Work Engagement
Jae Rim Jeon, Seong-Sik Cho, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Sangjun Choi, Hye-Eun Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2026; 68(2): 115. CrossRef
Unmanaged “Managed Heart”
Heejoo Ko, Seong-Sik Cho, Dong-Wook Lee, Jaesung Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2026; 68(2): 155. CrossRef
Work ability and health-related productivity loss by chronotype: Results from population-based panel study
Heejoo Ko, Seong-Sik Cho, Mo-Yeol Kang
Sleep Health.2025; 11(5): 731. CrossRef
Work-related risk factors of sleep apnea: evidence from the Korean work, sleep, and health study
Heejoo Ko, Seong-Sik Cho, Hye-Eun Lee, Jeehee Min, Mo-Yeol Kang
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2025; 98(9-10): 797. CrossRef
Association between work stress and sleep disturbances: the mediating role of pre-sleep arousal symptoms
Jeehee MIN, Hoje RYU, Seong-Sik CHO, Mo-Yeol KANG
Industrial Health.2025; 63(5): 478. CrossRef
Associations of self-rated health, depression, and work ability with employee control over working time
Heejoo Ko, Seong-Sik Cho, Jaesung Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang
Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025036. CrossRef
Workplace Psychosocial Safety Climate and Sleep Health: Association With Sleep Quality and Insomnia Symptoms
Jiwon Kim, Seong‐Sik Cho, Maureen F. Dollard, May Young Loh, Mo‐Yeol Kang
Journal of Sleep Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between psychosocial safety climate and depression risk among Korean workers
Soo Kyung Cho, Seong-Sik Cho, Maureen F. Dollard, May Young Loh, Mo-Yeol Kang
Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025044. CrossRef
Associations of sleep duration and sleep quality with lifestyle inflammation score in a nationwide Korean survey
Jaegeun Cho, Eunvin Kang, Se Eun Kim, Young-Joo Won
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Altered cortical myelination based on gray-to-white matter signal intensity contrast in shift workers
Jonghun Lee, Youjin Kim, Junbeom Lee, Joon Yul Choi, Wanhyung Lee
Brain Structure and Function.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

The risk of insomnia by work schedule instability in Korean firefighters: Saebomi Jeong, Jeonghun Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Kyoung Sook Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e24. Published online September 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e24

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Firefighters are exposed to shift work, as well as unpredictable emergency calls and traumatic events, which can lead to sleep problems. This study aimed to investigate the risk of insomnia by work schedule instability in Korean firefighters.
Methods
This study used the Insomnia Severity Index to assess the insomnia in firefighters. The work schedule stability was classified with the frequency of the substitute work and the timing of notification for work schedule changes. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the adjusted odds ratio of insomnia by work schedule stability with covariates including sex, age, education, smoking, alcohol, caffeine intake, shift type, job, and underlying conditions.
Results
Of the 8,587 individuals, 751 (8.75%) had moderate to severe insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index ≥ 15). The prevalence of insomnia was statistically significantly higher as the frequency of substitute work increased: <1 time per month (6.8%), 1–2 times (9.5%), 3–5 times (13.4%), and more than 5 times (15.7%) (p < 0.001). Additionally, the prevalence of insomnia was statistically significantly higher when the timing of the schedule change notification was urgent or irregular: no change or several weeks before (5.4%), several days before (7.9%), one day before or on the day (11.2%), irregularly notification (11.6%) (p < 0.001). In comparison to the group with good frequency of the substitute work/good timing of schedule change notification group, the adjusted odds ratios of insomnia were 1.480 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.237–1.771) for Good/Bad group, 1.862 (95% CI: 1.340–2.588) for Bad/Good group, and 1.885 (95% CI: 1.366–2.602) for Bad/Bad group.
Conclusions
Work schedule instability was important risk factor of insomnia in firefighters. It suggests that improving the stability of work schedules could be a key strategy for reducing sleep problems in this occupational group.

한국 교대근무 소방관에서 근무 스케줄 불안정성에 따른 불면증 유병 위험
목적
한국 교대근무 소방관에서 근무 스케줄 불안정성이 불면증 유병 위험을 평가하였다.
방법
한국판 불면증 심각도 평가척도를 이용하여 불면증을 평가하였다. 근무 스케줄 안정성으로는 월별 대체 근무 횟수 및 근무일정 변경 통보 시점으로 분류하였다. 월별 대체 근무 횟수 및 근무일정 변경 통보 시점을 각각 좋음, 나쁨으로 분류하고, 두 요인을 조합하여 좋음/좋음, 좋음/나쁨, 나쁨/좋음, 나쁨/나쁨의 4개 그룹으로 나누었다. 통계분석은 카이제곱검정, t-검정, 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용하였다.
결과
8,587명 중 751명(8.75%)은 중등도 이상의 불면증이 있었다. 별 대체근무 일수가 증가할수록, 근무 일정 변화를 미리 고지하지 않을수록 불면증 유병률이 유의하게 높았다. 4개의 그룹으로 나누어 근무 예측 가능성과 불면증의 연관성을 분석한 결과, 대체 근무 빈도가 “좋음”그룹/근무일정 변경 통보 시점이 “좋음” 그룹과 비교하여 불면증의 보정 비차비는 “좋음/나쁨” 그룹은 1.480(95%신뢰구간: 1.237~1.771), “나쁨/좋음” 그룹은 1.862(95% CI: 1.340~2.588), “나쁨/나쁨”그룹은 1.885(95% CI: 1.366~2.602)였다.
결론
근무 스케줄 안정성이 좋지 못할수록 불면증의 위험성이 높았다.

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Mapping Connection and Direction Among Symptoms of Sleep Disturbance and Perceived Stress in Firefighters: Embracing the Network Analysis Perspective
Bin Liu, Mingxuan Zou, Lin Liu, Zhongying Wu, Yinchuan Jin, Yuting Feng, Qiannan Jia, Mengze Li, Lei Ren, Qun Yang
Nature and Science of Sleep.2025; Volume 17: 1143. CrossRef
Environmental noise exposure and a new biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study
Jonghun Lee, Cheol-Woon Kim, Youjin Kim, Seunghyun Lee, Joon Yul Choi, Wanhyung Lee
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of long working hours with the use of combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products among young adults: a population-based study of South Korea
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Altered cortical myelination based on gray-to-white matter signal intensity contrast in shift workers
Jonghun Lee, Youjin Kim, Junbeom Lee, Joon Yul Choi, Wanhyung Lee
Brain Structure and Function.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Atopic Dermatitis in the Korean Adult Population: Results From the 2019–2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Jung Min Lee, Wanhyung Lee
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research.2025; 17(6): 765. CrossRef

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Original Article

Association between single-person household wage workers in South Korea and insomnia symptoms: the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS): Yoon Ho Lee, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Soon-Chan Kwon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2024;36:e25. Published online September 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2024.36.e25

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background
The rise in single-person households is a global phenomenon with well-documented implications for both physical and mental well-being. However, there remains a scarcity of studies focusing specifically on the health impacts of single-person households on workers. This study aims to address this gap by comparing insomnia symptoms between single- and multi-person household workers, shedding light on the health implications of household composition.
Methods
This study utilized data from the Sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey. Insomnia symptoms were categorized into normal sleep and insomnia symptom groups utilizing the 3-item Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the association between single-person household wage workers and insomnia symptoms.
Results
In comparison to wage workers from multi-person households, those from single-person households exhibited heightened risks of reporting insomnia symptoms. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratios for symptoms of insomnia among single-person household wage workers was 1.173 (95% confidence interval: 1.020–1.349).
Conclusions
This study underscores that single-person household wage workers in Korea face an elevated risk of insomnia symptoms compared to their counterparts in multi-person households.

한국 1인 가구 임금근로자와 불면증 증상들의 연관성: 제6차 한국근로환경조사 (KWCS)
목적
기존 연구에 의하면 1인 가구와 건강 문제는 부정적인 연관성을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있으나 1인 가구 임금 근로자들에 대한 연구는 부족해 보인다. 이에 임금 근로자들을 대상으로 1인 가구의 불면증 증상의 실태를 파악하고 다인 가구 임금 근로자들과 비교하여 1인 가구 근로자가 건강에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 연구해보고자 한다.
방법
이 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사의 원시자료를 이용한 단면 연구이다. 불면증 증상의 경우 Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale (MISS)를 사용하여 평가되었다. 다인 가구 임금 근로자군과 비교했을 때 1인 가구 임금 근로자군과 불면증 증상 간의 연관성을 연구하기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다.
결과
다인 가구 임금 근로자군과 비교했을 때 1인 가구 임금 근로자군의 불면증 증상에 대한 교차비(OR)은 1.173 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.020-1.349)로 나타났다.
결론
연구 결과 한국의 1인 가구 임금 근로자는 다인 가구 임금 근로자에 비해 불면증 증상을 보일 위험이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 1인 가구 근로자의 증가 추세는 근로자의 건강에 영향을 미치는 요인으로서 관심이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

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Influencing Factors of Quality of Life Among Korean Women in One-Person and Multiperson Households: Analysis of the 8th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi-Rae An, Seul-Gi Jeong, Ju-Hee Nho
Journal of Korean Maternal and Child Health.2025; 29(4): 228. CrossRef

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1 Crossref

Original Article

Mediation analysis of chronotype, sleep-related factors, and depressive symptoms among workers: a cross-sectional study: Seo Young Kim, Hyo Jeong Kim, Seong-Sik Cho, Min Young Park, Mo-Yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e47. Published online November 20, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e47

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material

Background

This study aimed to examine the impact of chronotype on depressive symptoms and explore the mediating effects of sleep quality, pre-sleep cognitive arousal, and social jetlag in a sample of wage earners.

Methods

A total of 3,917 waged workers were surveyed online in July 2022. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were used to assess the relationship between chronotype (morningness, intermediate, and eveningness) and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire ≥ 5), and the mediating effects of Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS). All analyses were adjusted for age, education level, income level, marital status, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption, physical activity, occupation, employment status, and working hours to calculate odds ratios (ORs).

Results

The chronotypes of all the participants were divided into morningness (4.7%), intermediate (93.5%), and eveningness (1.8%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of depression in the eveningness chronotype (OR: 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51, 5.86). Regarding the mediation analysis, ISI mediated 28.44% (95% CI: 16.39–40.5), PSQI for 31.25% (95% CI: 19.36, 43.15), and PSAS-Cognitive Score (PSAS-C) for 23.58% (95% CI: 10.66, 36.50) of the association between chronotype and depressive symptoms. However, social jetlag did not significantly mediate this relationship. (percentage mediated = 0.75%, 95% CI: −3.88, 5.39)

Conclusions

Evening chronotypes exhibit an increased risk of depressive symptoms, which ISI, PSQI, and PSAS-C partially mediated. This suggests that interventions to improve sleep quality and maintain adequate sleep habits may effectively prevent and treat depression in employees with an eveningness chronotype.

직장인의 크로노타입이 우울 증상에 미치는 영향과 수면 관련 요인의 매개 분석
목적
본 연구는 국내 임금 근로자를 대상으로 크로노타입이 우울 증상에 미치는 영향과 수면의 질, 수면 전 인지적 각성, 사회적 시차 등의 매개 효과에 대해 분석하고자 한다.
방법
2022년 7월 온라인 설문조사를 통해 모집한 만 19세 이상의 임금 근로자 3917명을 대상으로 분석을 시행하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 성별을 층화하여 크로노타입 (아침형, 중간형, 저녁형)과 우울증상 간의 관계를 살펴본 후, 매개효과 분석을 통해 불면척도, 수면의 질, 수면 전 각성 척도, 사회적 시차의 각각의 우울 증상에 대한 매개 효과를 계산했다. 모든 분석은 연령, 교육수준, 소득, 결혼 여부, 동거인 여부, 커피, 흡연, 음주, 신체활동, 직종, 고용형태, 근무 시간을 보정하였다.
결과
참가자는 아침형(4.7%), 중간형(93.5%), 저녁형(1.8%)으로 나뉘었다. 인구사회학적 특성 및 업무 관련 요인을 통제한 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 저녁형 그룹에서 우울증상 오즈비는 2.95 (95% 신뢰구간: 1.51–5.86)로 아침형 그룹에 비해 높게 나타났다. 매개 분석 결과에서 불면 척도는 28.44% (95% 신뢰구간 16.39–40.5), 수면의 질은 31.25% (95% 신뢰구간 19.36–43.15), 수면 전 인지적 각성척도은 23.58% (95% 신뢰구간 10.66–36.50)를 매개하였다. 그러나 사회적 시차는 매개 효과가 0.75% (95% 신뢰구간 -3.88–5.39)로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다.
결론
본 연구 결과에 따르면 저녁형 크로노타입을 가진 근로자들이 아침형 근로자보다 우울증상의 위험도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이에 대한 매개 효과 분석에서는 불면 척도, 수면의 질과 수면 전 인지적 각성이 우울 증상을 부분적으로 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 저녁형 크로노타입 근로자들과 같은 우울증의 상대적 고위험군에서 수면의 질을 개선하고 수면 습관을 적절히 유지하도록 개입하는 것이 우울증의 예방 및 치료에 효과적일 수 있음을 시사한다.

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Chronotype and depression: A global systematic review and meta-analysis
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Original Article

Association between discrimination in the workplace and insomnia symptoms: Suhwan Ju, Seong-Sik Cho, Jung Il Kim, Hoje Ryu, Hyunjun Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e25. Published online July 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e25

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

In Korea, little research has focused on the relationship between discrimination in the workplace and sleep health. Thus, this study aims to investigate the association between such discriminatory experiences and insomnia, a common sleep disorder, using Korean employees’ data.

Methods

This study used data from the 6th Korea Working Conditions Survey. Discrimination experiences due to age, ethnic background, nationality, race, sex, religion, disability, sexual orientation, educational level, hometown, and employment status were investigated. The Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale estimated insomnia symptoms. The association between discrimination experience and insomnia symptoms were analyzed using survey-weighted logistic regression analysis.

Results

Based on experiences of discrimination over the past 12 months, insomnia symptoms were associated with discrimination experience due to religion (odds ratio [OR]: 3.70; 95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.58–8.69), sex (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.87–3.37), age (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.88–2.81), hometown (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.44–2.97), employment status (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.37–2.10), and educational level (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.31–2.14). Furthermore, the prevalence of insomnia symptoms increased with the number of discrimination experiences.

Conclusions

In this study, discrimination experiences due to religion, sex, age, hometown, employment status, and educational level were significantly associated with insomnia symptoms. Furthermore, as the number of discrimination experiences increased, so did the prevalence of insomnia. Preventing workplace discrimination may improve workers’ sleep health.

직장에서의 차별 경험과 불면증 증상 간의 연관성
목적
한국에서 차별 경험과 수면 장애 간의 연관성에 대한 연구가 거의 없었다. 따라서, 이 연구의 목적은 직장에서의 차별 경험과 불면증 증상의 연관성을 조사하는 것이다.
방법
이 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사의 자료를 활용하였다. 나이, 출신민족, 국적, 인종, 성, 종교, 장애, 성적 지향성, 학벌, 출신 지역, 고용 형태 등 총 11개 종류의 차별에 대한 경험 유무를 조사하였다. 수면 장애는 minimal insomnia symptom scale (MISS)을 사용하여 불면증 증상의 유무를 조사하였다. 둘 사이의 연관성을 평가하기 위해 가중치를 이용한 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였다.
결과
종교(odds ratio [OR], 3.70; 95% confidential interval [CI], 1.58–8.69), 성 (OR, 2.51 ; 95% CI, 1.87–3.37), 나이 (OR, 2.30 ; 95% CI, 1.88–2.81), 출신 지역 (OR, 2.07 ; 95% CI, 1.44–2.97), 고용 형태 (OR, 1.69 ; 95% CI, 1.37–2.10), 학벌 (OR, 1.67 ; 95% CI, 1.31–2.14)에 대한 차별 경험과 불면증 증상 간의 연관성이 확인되었다. 또한, 경험한 차별의 종류가 많을수록 불면증 증상의 유병률이 증가하는 경향이 확인되었다.
결론
이 연구에서 직장에서의 종교, 성별, 나이, 고향, 고용상태, 교육수준에 대한 차별 경험과 불면증 증상 간의 연관성이 확인되었다. 직장에서의 차별을 예방함으로써 근로자들의 수면 건강을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

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[Special Collection] Working hours as a social determinants of workers' health

Opinion

Statement by the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine on the proposed reform of working hours in South Korea: Hee-Tae Kang, Chul-Ju Kim, Dong-Wook Lee, Seung-Gwon Park, Jinwoo Lee, Kanwoo Youn, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Hansoo Song, Sung-Kyung Kim, Sang-Baek Koh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e17. Published online July 5, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e17

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

The current 52-hour workweek in South Korea consists of 40 hours of regular work and 12 hours of overtime. Although the average working hours in South Korea is declining, it is still 199 hours longer than the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average of 1,716 hours per year. In view to this, the South Korean government has now proposed to reform the workweek, mainly intending to increase the workweek to 69 hours when the workload is heavy. This reform, by increasing the labor intensity due to long working hours, goes against the global trend of reducing work hours for a safe and healthy working environment. Long working hours can lead to increased cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, industrial accidents, mental health problems, and safety accidents due to lack of concentration. In conclusion, the Korean government’s working hour reform plan can have a negative impact on workers’ health, and therefore it should be thoroughly reviewed and modified.

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Original Article

Association between insomnia and absenteeism or presenteeism among Korean employees: JongHyun Hwang, Seong-Sik Cho, Jung Il Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e41. Published online December 6, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e41

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

In Korea, few studies clarify insomnia and its association and absenteeism or presenteeism. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between insomnia and absenteeism/presenteeism using the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey.

Methods

Insomnia was evaluated by the Minimal Insomnia Symptoms Scale (MISS). Absenteeism and presenteeism were assessed by asking if the employee had experienced absence or working despite being ill for the prior 12 months at the point of the survey. Multiple logistic analyses were conducted to explore insomnia and its association with absenteeism and presenteeism.

Results

The odds ratios of insomnia for absenteeism and presenteeism were 3.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.76–4.39) and 3.68 (95% CI: 3.18–4.26) in the fully adjusted model. As the MISS scores increased, absenteeism and presenteeism showed the increasing trend that odd ratios increased accordingly from the first to the fourth quartile.

Conclusions

This study observed that insomnia was related to both absenteeism and presenteeism among Korean employees.

한국 근로자에서의 불면증과 결근(absenteeism) 및 프리젠티즘(presenteeism) 간 연관성 연구.
목적
불면증은 결근 및 프리젠티즘을 유발하는 위험 인자로 알려져 있으나 한국의 노동자들에서의 불면증과 결근 및 프리젠티즘 간의 연관성을 연구한 경우는 드물다. 따라서, 이 연구는 한국 노동자들에서의 불면증과 결근 및 프리젠티즘간의 연관성을 조사하였다.
방법
본 연구는 제6차 한국 취업자 근로환경조사 자료를 활용하였다. 불면증은 최소 불면증 증상 척도(MISS)를 사용하여 평가하였으며, 결근 및 프리젠티즘은 조사시점에서 1년동안의 결근 경험 및 건강상 문제가 있음에도 출근한 경험에 대해 질문함으로써 평가하였다. 불면증과 결근 및 프리젠티즘 간의 연관성을 분석하기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하였다.
결과
보정된 모형에서 불면증과 결근 및 프리젠티즘과의 오즈비는 각각 3.48(95% CI: 2.76 - 4.39), 3.68(95% CI: 3.18 - 4.26) 이었다. 최소 불면증 증상 척도 점수가 증가할 수록 결근 및 프리젠티즘이 증가하는 경향을 보였다.
결론
본 연구를 통해 불면증과 결근 및 프리젠티즘의 연관성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 근로자들의 수면 건강을 위한 추가적인 연구와 효과적인 수면 건강 중재 프로그램의 개발 및 도입이 필요할 수 있다.

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Original Article

Association between sleep quality and type of shift work in Korean firefighters: Hyun-Jeong Oh, Chang Sun Sim, Tae-Won Jang, Yeon Soon Ahn, Kyoung Sook Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e27. Published online October 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e27

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Shift work that interferes with normal sleep patterns, is known to be a cause of sleep disturbance and has been studied through various occupational groups. However, it is not known which shift type is better for sleep health.

Methods

This study included 568 firefighters. Sleep quality was evaluated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep quality was categorized into 2 groups; good quality (≤ 5 points) and poor quality (≥ 6 points). Demographic variables, depression, anxiety, type of shift, and job were collected by self-reported questionnaires. The χ² test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect of shift type on the sleep quality of firefighters.

Results

Three hundred thirty-seven firefighters (59.3%) have poor sleep quality. Compared to day workers, the odds ratios (ORs) of poor sleep quality were 2.169 (95% confidence interval: 1.137–4.134) in 6-day cycle, 2.161 (1.150–4.062) in 9-day cycle, 1.805 (1.087–2.997) in 21-day cycle, and 1.485 (0.718–3.069) in 3-day cycle. The ORs of poor sleep quality were 1.697(1.021–2.823) in fire suppression and 2.325 (1.213–4.455) in emergency medical service compared to administration.

Conclusions

All shift work type except for the 3-day cycle was associated with poor sleep quality compared to day work.

한국 소방관에서 수면의 질과 교대근무 유형의 연관성
목적
소방관의 수면의 질에 어떤 교대근무 유형이 적합한지 결정하는 것이다.
방법
이 연구는 568명의 소방관을 포함하여 피츠버그 수면의 질 지수를 사용하여 수면의 질을 평가하였고, 다른 교란 요인은 자기보고형태의 설문지를 통해 수집하였다. 소방관의 수면의 질에 대한 교대근무 유형의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 카이제곱 검정, t-검정, 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용하였다.
결과
337명(59.3%)은 나쁜 수면의 질을 가졌다. 주간 근무자와 비교했을 때, 나쁜 수면의 질에 대한 오즈비는 6주기에서 2.161 (95% 신뢰구간 1.137-4.134), 9주기에서 2.161 (1.150-4.062), 21주기에서 1.805 (1.087-2.997), 3주기에서 1.485 (0.718-3.069). 직무별로는 행정에 비해 화재진압 소방관의 수면의 질이 나쁠 오즈비는 1.697 (1.021-2.823)이었고, 구급업무 소방관은 2.325 (1.213-4.455)이었다.
결론
3주기를 제외하고 다른 형태의 교대근무에서 수면의 질은 주간근무에 비해 에서 나쁜 것으로 나타났다.

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Original Article

Analysis of self-reported mental health problems among the self-employed compared with paid workers in the Republic of Korea: Yongho Lee, Junhyeong Lee, Ui-Jin Kim, Eunseun Han, Seunghon Ham, Won-Jun Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e8. Published online April 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e8

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

As self-employed workers are vulnerable to health problems, this study aimed to analyze mental health problems and sleep disturbances among self-employed workers compared with paid workers in Korea.

Methods

A total of 34,750 workers (23,938 paid workers and 10,812 self-employed workers) were analyzed from the fifth Korean Working Condition Survey, which included 50,205 households collected by stratified sampling in 2017. To compare mental health problems and sleep disturbance among self-employed workers and paid workers, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

The odds ratio in self-employed workers compared with paid workers was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.42) for anxiety, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.17) for overall fatigue, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.20) for difficulty falling asleep, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02–1.18) for difficulty maintaining sleep and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.16–1.32) for extreme fatigue after waking up.

Conclusions

Self-employed workers in Korea have a higher risk of self-reported mental health problems and sleep disturbances than paid workers. Further studies with a longitudinal design and structured evaluation are required to investigate the causal relationship between health problems and self-employment.

한국 자영업자의 주관적 정신건강 문제 : 제 5차 근로환경조사를 이용하여
목적
자영업자는 고용, 사업체 운영 등에 대한 스트레스를 받고 있으며 자신들의 건강관리에 취약한 것으로 여겨지고 있다. 이 연구는 자영업자들에게 초점을 맞춰 유급근로자들과 비교하여 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
방법
이 연구는 한국의 5차 근로환경조사 데이터를 바탕으로 23,938명의 유급근로자와 10,812명의 자영업자들을 선택하여 분석을 수행하였다. 정신건강 문제는 ‘우울감’, ‘불안감’, ‘전신 피로’에 대한 설문과 수면 장애는 ‘잠들기가 어려움’, ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’, ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’ 설문의 답변을 이용하였다. 자영업자의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애를 분석하기 위해 다변량 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 시행하였다.
결과
자영업자에서의 ‘불안감’에 대한 보정된 오즈비는 1.25 (95% CI=1.09-1.42), ‘전신피로’는 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.17), ‘잠들기가 어려움’은 1.11 (95% CI=1.04-1.20), ‘자는 동안 반복적으로 깨어남’은 1.10 (95% CI=1.02-1.18) 그리고 ‘기진맥진함 또는 극도의 피곤함을 느끼며 깨어남’은 1.24 (95% CI=1.16-1.32)이었다.
결론
본 연구는 유급근로자에 비해 자영업자들의 정신건강 문제와 수면 장애의 위험성이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 자영업자들의 건강 보호와 증진을 위해 구조화된 설문, 전향적 연구 등의 추가적인 연구와 사회의 관심이 필요하다.

Citations

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Original Article

Association between sleep disturbance and occupational injury among Korean employees: Jongwoo Lee, Seong-Sik Cho, JungIl Kim, Mo-yeol Kang, Suhwan Ju, Byoung Gwon Kim, Young Seoub Hong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2021;33:e29. Published online September 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e29

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF

Background

Occupational injury has been a serious social problem steadily. Sleep disturbance is a risk factor for occupational injury. However, there were few researches studied on the linking between sleep disturbance and occupational injury in general working population of Korea. Therefore, we explored the association between sleep disturbance and occupational injury among Korean workers.

Methods

This study used data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey. Occupational injury was assessed by asking work related injury for 12 months prior to the point of the survey. Sleep disturbance was assessed using the Minimal Insomnia Symptoms Scale (MISS). To analyze the association between sleep disturbance and occupational injury, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted.

Results

The odds ratio (OR) of sleep disturbance group for occupational injury was 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68–3.93) in the fully adjusted model. For the association between MISS score and occupational injury, it showed increasing trend that ORs increase from the 1st to the 4th quartiles. The OR of 2nd quartile was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.60–2.01), the OR of 3rd quartile was 2.27 (95% CI: 1.53–3.38) and the OR of 4th quartile was 2.80 (95% CI: 1.84–4.26).

Conclusions

Sleep disturbance was associated with occupational injury. In addition, increasing trend was observed between MISS score and occupational injury. These findings imply that developing of intervention programs to manage sleep disturbance and fatigue may be necessary to prevent occupational injury.

수면장애와 직업성 손상과의 연관성
목적
업무관련 손상은 심각한 사회적 문제이다. 그러나 한국에서 수면장애와 업무관련 손상의 연관성을 연구한 연구는 드물다. 따라서, 우리는 한국 근로자들의 수면 장애와 업무관련 손상 사이의 연관성을 조사하였다.
방법
이 연구는 제5차 한국 취업자 근로환경조사 자료를 활용했다. 업무관련 손상은 조사 시점의 1년 동안 업무관련 손상에 대해 질문함으로써 평가되었다. 수면 장애는 최소 불면증 증상 척도(MISS)를 사용하여 평가되었다. 수면 장애와 업무관련 손상 간의 연관성을 분석하기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 수행하였다.
결과
보정된 모델에서 수면 장애 그룹의 오즈비는 2.57(95% CI: 1.68 - 3.93)이었다. 수면 장애의 정도와 업무관련 손상 사이의 연관성에 대해서는 오즈비가 1 사분위수에서 4 사분위로 증가한다는 노출(용량)-반응 관계를 보였다. 2분위수의 오즈비는 1.10(95% CI: 0.60–2.01)이었고, 3분위수의 오즈비는 2.27(95% CI: 1.53–3.38)이었으며, 4분위수의 오즈비는 2.80(95% CI: 1.84–4.26)이었다.
결론
수면 장애는 업무관련 손상과 관련이 있다. 또한, 수면 장애의 심각성과 업무관련 손상 사이에 노출-반응 관계가 관찰되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 이후 전향적 코호트 형태의 연구가 필요하며, 업무관련 손상을 방지하기 위해 수면 장애와 피로를 관리하기 위한 개입 프로그램의 도입이 필요할 수 있음을 시사한다.

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Research Article

Relationship between long work hours and self-reported sleep disorders of non-shift daytime wage workers in South Korea: data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey: Hongsuk Choi, Sungho Lee, Man-Joong Jeon, Young-Sun Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e35. Published online November 3, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e35

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