Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Review

The status and implications of paid sick leave and sickness benefits in OECD countries: Jaehoon Lee, Jinwoo Lee, Sang Baek Koh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e21. Published online July 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e21

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: The experience of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has highlighted the importance of paid sick leave and sickness benefits, and is creating an international movement to introduce or improve real-world systems. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries except Korea and the United States already have statutory paid sick leave or sickness benefits, with the United Kingdom extending statutory paid sick leave to low-income workers in 2025, and Ireland introducing statutory paid sick leave in 2023. In the United States, 19 states, including Minnesota in 2024 and Alaska and Missouri in 2025, as well as the District of Columbia, have introduced statutory paid sick leave (as of December 2024). Furthermore, an analysis of 33 OECD countries with statutory paid sick leave or sickness benefits suggests that 21 countries comply with the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention standards for adequacy of benefits and comprehensiveness of coverage, while six countries with social assistance have high comprehensiveness of coverage but low adequacy of benefits. There was not a single country with a program that had low levels of both benefit adequacy and coverage. In Korea, the pilot sickness benefit program has been extended until 2027, and the system has been delayed. The principles of benefit adequacy and coverage comprehensiveness must be upheld for the purpose and intent of the program to ensure adequate care and rest. Consequently, in addition to adhering to the standards outlined in the ILO Convention, the implementation of paid sick leave should be codified in legislation to enhance employer accountability.; OECD국가의 유급병가와 상병급여 현황과 시사점
코로나19팬데믹의 경험은 유급병가와 상병급여의 중요성을 재조명하는 계기가 됐으며, 실제 제도를 도입하거나 개선하는 국제적 흐름을 만들어지고 있다. 이미 한국과 미국을 제외한 OECD 국가가 법정 유급병가나 상병급여를 운영하고 있으며, 영국은 2025년부터 저소득노동자에 대한 법정 유급병가 적용을 확대했으며, 아일랜드 역시 2023년 법정 유급병가제도를 도입했다. 미국 역시 2024년 미네소타와 2025년 알래스카, 미주리를 포함해 18개 주와 워싱턴DC에서 법정 유급병가제도를 도입했다(2024.12월 기준).
또한 법정 유급병가나 상병급여를 시행 중인 OECD 33개국 분석 결과, 21개국이 ILO협약에서 제시하고 있는 급여 적절성과 대상 포괄성 기준을 준수하고 있으며, 사회부조 유형의 6개국은 대상 포괄성은 높지만 급여 적절성은 낮았다. 특히 제도를 시행 중인 국가에서 급여 적절성이나 대상 포괄성 모두 낮은 국가는 하나도 없었다.
한국은 상병수당 시범사업이 2027년까지 연장됐고, 제도 도입 역시 늦춰진 상태다. 충분한 치료와 휴식을 보장하는 제도 목적과 취지를 위해서는 급여 적절성과 대상 포괄성의 원칙이 지켜져야 하며, 이를 위해 ILO 협약 기준 준수와 함께, 유급병가 도입과 함께 사용자의 책무를 강화하는 내용을 법률에 명시할 필요가 있다.

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Editorial

Introducing a Korean sickness benefit scheme: toward universal health coverage: Sang Baek Koh, Kyunghee Jung-Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e20. Published online July 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e20

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Original Article

Development of standard job classification codes for building a job-exposure matrix for police officers: Sangjun Choi, Ju-Hyun Park, Inah Kim, Jungwon Jang, Jeehee Min, Sang Baek Koh, Seongwon Kim, Yeji Sung, Kyoung Yoon Ko, Su Min Oh, Un-Yeol Jeon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e10. Published online April 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e10

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material: Background
This study aimed to develop standard job categories for constructing a job-exposure matrix (JEM) for police officers in South Korea and to evaluate their applicability.
Methods
We examined standard job codes related to police personnel management and compared them with job classifications from police publications. Using R Shiny, we developed a web-based search tool for standard codes. A pilot survey of 130 police officers assessed the codes' applicability and relevance to health-related hazardous factors.
Results
Eighty-seven standard functional codes used in the police personnel management system POOL were organized into minor categories as the basic units of standard jobs. These were grouped into 20 sub-major categories and further consolidated into 10 major categories to develop the standard job codes. The responses to the standard job codes in the pilot survey were 75% accurate compared with the final expert evaluation results and 99.2% accurate compared with the algorithm-based automatic allocation results. The results of the job-hazardous factor network analysis revealed that the most frequently reported hazardous factor was emotional labor, followed by night shifts and electromagnetic waves. Emotional labor was identified as the top hazardous factor in six out of the nine standard job categories.
Conclusions
The standard job codes developed in this study were designed in connection with the personnel management system for police officers, making them well-suited for constructing a comprehensive JEM for the entire police force.; 경찰관 직무-노출 매트릭스 구축을 위한 표준직무 코드 개발
목적
본 연구는 한국 경찰관에 대한 직무-노출 매트릭스(JEM) 구축을 위해 표준직무 코드를 개발하고 적용 가능성을 평가하고자 실시되었다.
방법
경찰관 인사관리 시스템을 검토하고, 경찰청 공식 발간물 및 조직도상의 직무관련 분류 체계를 검토하였다. R Shiny를 활용하여 웹 기반 표준코드 검색기를 개발하였고, 130명의 경찰관을 대상으로 시범 설문을 통해 경찰관들이 표준직무 코드를 잘 선택하는지 평가하였다. 또한 소속 부서 및 기능 등의 기술내용을 활용하여 표준직무 코드를 자동할당 하는 알고리즘을 만들어 자동할당 가능성을 평가하였다.
결과
경찰관 인사관리 시스템에서 활용 가능한 직무 관련 정보를 검토한 결과 87개의 기능코드를 기반으로 20개의 중분류, 10개의 대분류 표준직무 코드를 개발하였고, 웹 기반 검색기 링크(https://kscf.shinyapps.io/pff_app/)를 통해 자세한 국문 코드명과 설명을 확인하고, 코드 검색이 가능하도록 하였다. 시범 설문 결과 응답자들의 표준직무 코드 선택 정확도는 75.4% 였고, 자동할당 결과의 정확도는 99.2%였다. 직무-유해요인 설문조사 결과 가장 많이 응답한 유해요인은 감정노동이었고, 다음으로 야간근무, 전자기파 순이었다.
결론
본 연구에서 개발한 표준직무 코드는 경찰관의 인사시스템과 연동되어 경찰관 전체에 대한 JEM 구축에 잘 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되며, 향후 표준직무 코드를 적용한 경찰관 건강영향 관련 전수 설문조사를 통해 JEM 구축을 실시할 예정이다.

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Original Article

The Relationship of Physical and Psychosocial Risk Factors to Work-related Musculoskeletal Upper Extremity Symptoms amongst Male Automobile Manufacturing Workers: Ki Hyun Lee, Jin Ha Yoon, Sung Kyung Kim, In Jung Cho, Sung Soo Oh, Sung Hoon Kim, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):72-85. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.72

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms amongst automobile manufacturing workers.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted using male automobile manufacturing workers in order to examine the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms. A total of 1,793 male workers were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding general characteristics, health related behaviors, work-related characteristics, job stress, ergonomic risk factors, and the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms (neck, shoulder, arm, and hand). Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms were evaluated using the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) surveillance criteria. In order to measure the physical risk factors, the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Z-365 Quick checklist was incorporated into the questionnaire. Job stressors were measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed that examined the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to musculoskeletal symptoms.
RESULTS
The result showed that the physical and psychosocial risk factors were associated with musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms. The workers with high physical risk factors reported more musculoskeletal symptoms than those having low physical risk factors (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56~3.62). The workers with high job stress were more likely to have an increased risk of musculoskeletal upper extremity symptom compared to those with normal job stress (OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 2.03~3.47). A significant relationship between the combined effects of physical and psychosocial risk factors on musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms was also found. The workers exposed to high physical risk factors, high job stress, and long working hours were more likely to report musculoskeletal symptoms than those having low physical risk factors, normal job stress and moderate working hours(OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56~3.62).
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that some physical and psychosocial risk factors increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms amongst automobile manufacturing workers. In order to prevent or reduce musculoskeletal disorders amongst automobile manufacturing workers, it is strongly recommended to manage the physical psychosocial risks occurring in the workplace.

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Original Article

Job Stress and Self-perceived Fatigue in Korean Farmers: Ki Hyun Lee, Sang Baek Koh, Dongmug Kang, Jin Joo Chung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, In Ah Kim, Kyung Suk Lee, Sook Jung Hyun, Kang Myoung Lee, Jin Ha Yoon, Sung Kyung Kim, In Jung Cho, Jung Kyu Choi, Sung Soo Oh, Bong Suk Cha, Sei Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(2):213-224. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.213

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
A growing body of research has documented that job stress has a pivotal role in developing adverse health outcomes. However, little is known about the relationship between farmers' job stress and health outcomes. This study was undertaken to identify the relationship between job stress and self-perceived fatigue in Korean farmers.
METHODS
A total of 526 Korean farmers were asked to participate in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the participants' general characteristics, job stress and self-perceived fatigue. Job stress was measured using a forty-eight item Farm Stressor Inventory (FSI), and the self-perceived fatigue was estimated by Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS). Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between job stress and self-perceived fatigue.
RESULTS
The result showed that job stress was associated with self-perceived fatigue. For the farmers with high job stress, the risk of self-perceived fatigue was more likely to increase compared to those with low job stress. For males, labor intensity (OR, 3.88; 95% CI, 1.91~7.89), job environment (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.22~4.93), social support (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.07~4.13), social isolation (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.15~5.60), financial problems (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.53~6.91), uncertainty (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.30~4.75) and health problems (OR, 5.77; 95% CI, 2.46~13.53) were associated with self-perceived fatigue. For females, job environment (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.22~4.08), social isolation (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.05-4.15), physical environment & weather condition (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.33~5.12), financial problems (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.55~5.32), uncertainty (OR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.95~6.83) and health problems (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.57~7.27) were associated with self-perceived fatigue.
CONCLUSIONS
This result suggests that farmers' job stress plays a role in the development of fatigue, and job stressors related to fatigue are slightly different according to gender.

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Original Article

Suicide Trend of Standardized Mortality Ratio and Age Standardized Proportion Mortality Ratio According to Occupational Groups in Korea: 1993-2007: Jin Ha Yoon, Ki Hyun Lee, Kyu Yeon Hahn, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Seong Ho Min, Kyung Suk Lee, Hye Seon Chae, Aeyong Eom, Sang Baek Koh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(2):173-182. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.173

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
A number of studies on the trends of socioeconomic differences in suicide mortality have indicated that these inequality gaps have widened over time and highlight that certain occupations have more suicide risk than others. However suicide rates according to occupation based socioeconomic position have not been frequently studied in Korea. The purpose of this study is to report trends and inequality of suicide according to occupation based social class during 1993-2007 in Korea and to identify occupations with significantly high standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for both men and women.
METHODS
Korean census records for the years 1995, 2000, and 2005 were linked with the cause of death records from Korean National Statistical Office (KNSO) for the periods 1993-1997, 1998-2003, and 2004-2007 respectively. This data was used to calculate age adjusted proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for both men and women aged 25~54 years according to five occupation based socioeconomic positions.
RESULTS
Among men, the agricultural-fishery-forestry group had the greatest suicide rate (SMR: 341) with a high PMR (113) and the manual labor group showed the highest PMR (118), while the managers-professional occupation group showed the lowest sPMR (78) and SMR (21). Among women, the agricultural-fishery group had the highest score in SMR (316) and PMR (130), and the technical-artificer group showed the lowest sPMR (71) and SMR (27). The inequality gaps in the suicide mortality rate according to occupation had widened during 1998-2002, but showed a recovery trend plot after 2003.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the occupation based socioeconomic inequalities show a recovery trend after 2003, the excess inequality from suicide remains as high as it was prior to the 2002 year in some occupational groups. The results of the current study indicate that the manual and agricultural-fishery-forestry groups were high risk groups of suicide.

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Original Article

The Relationship between Hospital Departments and Risk of Developing Tuberculosis among Nurses Working at a University Hospitalin Korea: Retrospective Cohort Study: Jin Ha Yoon, Sung Soo Oh, Ki Hyun Lee, Sung Kyung Kim, Je Ho Oh, Chung Se Won, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Ae Yong Eom, Sang Baek Koh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):64-70. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.64

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate the occurring characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among nurses working at a university hospital in Korea.
METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records from a university hospital. A total of 351 nurses without any pulmonary disease were enrolled during 2000~2007, and were followed up until October 2010. To compare with the incidence of TB between occupational subgroups, workplaces were divided into high and low TB-exposure risk departments. For statistical analysis, the relative risks for TB incidences between departments were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models and mean incidences were estimated with person-time years.
RESULTS
Seven cases of TB were observed during 2001 person-years. Five and two cases were observed in the high and low TB-exposure risk departments, respectively. The relative risk of TB infection in the high TB-exposure risk departments were 6.52 (95% CI, 1.26~33.60) compared to that in the low TB-exposure risk department. The mean incidence of TB in the total nurses was 0.350% per person-year.
CONCLUSIONS
According to the concept of occupational and environmental medicine, high TB-exposure risk departments were more likely to be at increased risk of tuberculosis.

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Clinical Trial

A Pilot Study on the Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Oswestry Disability Index in a Farming Community: No Yul Yang, Hae Yean Park, Jin Su Kim, Joo Hyun Lee, Soo Hyun Park, Min Ye Jung, Sang Baek Koh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):290-297. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.290

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is the most widely used tool validated instrument for measuring and the level of disability associated with low back disorders. We wanted to validate use of the Korean version of the ODI in Korean farmers with low back pain.
METHODS
The object of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the ODI. The Korean version was tested on 53 farmers (62.3+/-10.3 years of age) with low back-related disorders. We investigated the Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the ODI. The Test-retest reliability was assessed in 30 farmers within a time interval of approximately 14 to 18 days. Differences between the Korean version of the ODI and the Short Form 12 (SF-12), which includes 8 domains (general health, physical functioning, role-physical limitation, bodily pain, role-emotional limitation, mental health, vitality, social functioning) were analyzed for construct validity. The correlation of the Korean version of the ODI with the SF-12 was analyzed, as well.
RESULTS
The intra-class correlation coefficient of test-retest reliability was 0.854. Reliability estimated by the internal consistency reached a Cronbach's alpha of 0.879. The correlation between 7 domains of the SF-12 except for the mental health domain and the Korean version of the ODI was statistically significant (p<0.05). Four domains (general health, physical functioning, role-physical limitation, bodily pain) that measured physical status all showed high correlations (p<0.01), as did a domain that measured mental status (role-emotional limitation) (p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The results showed that the Korean version of the ODI is a reliable and valid instrument to measure the level of disability in Korean farmers with low back-related disorders. The use of this instrument is recommended for future clinical trials in Korea.

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Original Article

Factors Related to Occupational Injuries and Health Problems for Some Female Workers in Non-standard Employment: Woo Jin Park, Hyoung June Im, Jong Uk Won, Sang Baek Koh, Young Su Ju, Jae Hoon Roh, Sang Yong Oh, Young Jun Kwon, Chang Kook Hwang, Jung Wook Lim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):301-313. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.301

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine certain factors associated with occupational injuries and health problems for some female workers in non-standard employment.
METHODS
We enrolled 754 female workers that were selected from 1,040 people who had agreed to be surveyed as part of a group or company in either the Seoul and the Kyonggi area. We performed univariate logistic regression on survey data and again performed multivariate logistic regression on those variables that were statistically significant.
RESULTS
In this study, the overall incidence of occupational injury for all workers was 12.5%. The incidence rates by position were as follows: 12.9%(insurance saleswoman), 7.4%(telemarketer), 9.2%(visiting teacher), 22%(golf caddy). The most frequent complaint was lower back pain(12.8%) in insurance saleswomen, voice symptoms(37%) in telemarketers, knee and ankle symptoms(33.8%) in golf caddies, and voice symptoms(14.4%) in visiting teachers. The factors related to occupational injuries included job type, and age. The factors related to health problems were job type, psychosocial stress, accident risk, and social support. The percentage of the cases that occurred without fringe benefits including social welfare was 30.4%, and the percentage of "paid out of the person's own pocket" of ways to arrange costs of accidents was 32.5%.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, some female workers in non-standard employment had relatively high level of occupational injuries, accompanied by various health problems. In these occupational classes, the conditions for social insurance and social welfare were poor. It is necessary to expand the application of social insurances including industrial accident compensation insurance. Regardless of job category, psychosocial stress and social support were statistically significant for many symptoms. We believe that measurement of these factors is necessary. In the future, additional studies are required with the use of objective methods for additional job categories.

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Original Article

Effect of Muscle Strengthening Exercise on Psychosocial and Physical Status in Farmers: Min Ye Jung, No Yul Yang, In Gyu Yoo, Sang Baek Koh, Kyung Suk Lee, Kyungran Kim, Hyocher Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(4):343-350. Published online December 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.4.343

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate both the psychosocial and physical effects of muscle strengthening exercise on farmers, and in so doing evaluate their effect on musculoskeletal disorders in farmers.
METHODS
28 subjects participated in our muscle strengthening exercise program. Mean age of subjects was 63+/-13 years. The exercise program was performed 3 times a week during the 8 week studys period. Before and after training various measurements were made: self esteem scale (SES), psychosocial wellbeing index short form (PWI-SF), static and dynamic balance ability, grip strength, arm curl, time up and go (TUG), functional reach, and oswestry disability index.
RESULTS
The muscle strengthening exercise program increased the self-esteem, grip strength and static and dynamic balance of subjects, while psychosocial stress and low back pain levels were decreased significantly (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The muscle strengthening exercise improved psychosocial and physical status of test subjects. Thus, exercise may be an effective strategy for enhancing the psychosocial and physical health of farmers.

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Original Article

The Association of Occupational Stress with Self-perceived Fatigue in White Collar Employees: Kyoung Tae Cha, Il Whoi Kim, Sang Baek Koh, Sook Jung Hyun, Jun Ho Park, Jong Ku Park, Bong Suk Cha, Sei Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(3):182-192. Published online September 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.182

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
& OBJECTIVES: A growing body of research has documented that occupational stress is closely associated with increased risk of fatigue. This study was conducted in an effort to assess the relationship of occupational stress to self-perceived fatigue among Korean white collar employees.
METHODS
Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project, 2002-2004). Among them, a total of 4,502 white collar employees were recruited. A structured questionnaire was employed to evaluate the participants' sociodemographics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, occupational stress, and self-perceived fatigue. Occupational stress and self-perceived fatigue were assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short form (KOSS-SF) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS), respectively.
RESULTS
In logistic regression analyses, occupational stress was associated with an increased risk of fatigue, and some domains of occupational stress had different effects on fatigue by gender (job demand, job insecurity, and lack of reward for men, job demand, lack of reward, and discomfort in occupational climate for women), which indicates that occupational stress may perform a slightly different role in increasing the risk of fatigue by gender.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that occupational stress is a determinant predictor of selfperceived fatigue. Thus, a stress management program for the reduction of occupational stress, and the promotion of white collar worker's health and quality of life is strongly recommended. Some limitations of this study and considerations for future studies were also discussed.

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Original Article

The Association among Exposure of Bisphenol A, Genetic Polymorphism of Metabolic Enzyme and Urinary Metabolite: Sang Baek Koh, Jun Ho Park, Su Song Yun, Sung Su Oh, Sei Jin Chang, Sun Haeng Choi, Bong Suk Cha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(2):112-118. Published online June 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.2.112

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To examine bisphenol A (BPA) exposure with subjects in the manufacturing industry and to determine its correlation with metabolites according to genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes.
METHODS
The study subjects comprised 104 workers in the manufacturing industry, 64 and 40 in the exposed and control groups, respectively. The questionnaire variablesincluded age, use of protective equipment, smoking habit and alcohol intake. Their urine samples were collected in the afternoon and urinary BPA concentration was measured by revising with the urinary creatinine concentration. The genetic polymorphism of the metabolic enzymes was examined by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) after extracting DNA from leucocytes.
RESULTS
The minimum and maximum BPA level of the exposed group during working time was 34.22 and 221.20 ng/mg, respectively. The urinary BPA concentration was significantly higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the urinary BPA level according to genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, but UGT1A6 showed a significant difference. In multiple regression analysis on the urinary and airborne BPA levels, UGT1A6, use of protective equipments and workplaces were significant variables.
CONCLUSIONS
The urinary BPA concentration was affected by the levels to which workers were exposed during their working time and was considered to be metabolized by UGT1A6.

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Original Article

The Effect of Job Stress on Umemployment: Yun Kyung Chung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, So Yong Park, Jung Yeon Hong, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):115-124. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.115

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study estimated the relationship between job stress and unemployment through a 2-year follow-up study in the KOSS cohort.
METHODS
We established the KOSS cohort in 2004. Among this cohort, we selected 5680 persons with complete KOSS scores and resident registration numbers. We investigated the state of unemployment using unemployment insurance data from Jan. 2005 to Oct. 2006. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between job stress and unemployment. We also adjusted for age, education, marital status, experience of medical visiting, and size of enterprise.
RESULTS
Insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, occupational system, and lack of reward were related to unemployment for men, while only lack of reward was an unemployment risk factor for women.
CONCLUSIONS
Insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, occupational system, and lack of reward were found to be risk factors for male unemployment. Efforts should be made to reduce these job stressors as risk factors.

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Danbee Kang, Ka Ryeong Bae, Ho Young Kim, Yeojin Ahn, Nayeon Kim, Youngmog Shim, Tae Sung Sohn, Woo Yong Lee, Ji Hyun Baek, Sun-Seog Kweon, Juhee Cho
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Moderating Effect of Stress Coping Strategies on the Relationship between a National Statistics Office Workers' Occupational Stress and Mental Health
Yuran Jeong, Bo-Hyun Yoon, Eun-Joo Oh, Je-Heon Song, Soo-Hee Park, Haran Jung, Moon-Doo Kim, Man-Ki Baek, Eun-Rak Son, Ja-Young Jung
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Original Article

Occupational Stress in Relation to Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Disease: Longitudinal Analysis from the NSDSOS Project: Chang Kook Hwang, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Chong Yon Park, Bong Suk Cha, Sook Jung Hyun, Jun Ho Park, Kang Myoung Lee, Kyoung Tae Cha, Woo Jin Park, Hyung Joon Jhun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):105-114. Published online June 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.105

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This prospective study was performed to investigate the association between occupational stress and the development of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
METHODS
A total of 8,429 employees were selected from a nationwide sample, proportional to both the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to access the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior and work related characteristics. 43-items of the full version of Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) were used to access the participants occupational stress. New cases of hospitalization due to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases were evaluated using medical utilization files received from the National Health Insurance Corporation for the period of March 2004 to December 2005. A logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between occupational stress and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
RESULTS
43 new cases of hospitalization due to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases were found. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis, job stressors were related with circulatory diseases after adjustment for gender, age, number of workers, employment type, shift work, smoking, alcohol intake, and regular exercise. Of the 8 subscales, insufficient job control (Adj. RR 2.802; 95% CI 1.038-7.564) and occupational climate (Adj. RR 2.365; 95% CI 1.087~5.143) were significantly associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. However, no significant relationships were found between the 6 KOSS subscales and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the short-term follow-up of about two years, the KOSS subscales of insufficient job control and occupational climate were significantly associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.

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Original Article

Effect of Sodium Benzoate on Change of Urinary Hippuric Acid and Methyl Hippuric Acid among Workers Coexposed to Toluene and Xylene: Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Sounghoon Chang, Hyeongsu Kim, Wonki Oh, Sang Baek Koh, Kunsei Lee, Suekyung Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):163-170. Published online September 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.163

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the effect of drink containing sodium benzoate on the change of urinary hippuric acid (UHA) and methyl hippuric acid (UMHA) excretion among workers coexposed to low toluene and xylene.
METHODS
Study subjects were 55 male shipbuilders who were divided into 3 groups; nonexposed group (n=10, who were not exposed to organic solvent and had drunk sodium benzoate), exposed A group (n=24, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had drunk sodium benzoate), and exposed B group (n=21, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had not drunk sodium benzoate). The study methodology consisted of questionnaire survey, urinary analysis for metabolites of toluene and xylene before and after drinking with or without sodium benzoate, and personal air sampling of toluene and xylene.
RESULTS
Before drinking, there was no significant difference in UHA or UMHA between the exposed A and B groups. After 1.5 hour of drinking, UHA of the exposed A group was significantly higher than that of the exposed B group. After 3 hours, however, UHA of the exposed A group was decreased to the level of the exposed B group, regardless of the ambient toluene level. UMHA exhibited no significant difference between the exposed A and B groups regardless of time and ambient toluene level. The regression model showed that drinking of sodium benzoate was positively correlated with UHA after 1.5 hours of drinking, but not after 3 hours. In addition, sodium benzoate didn't affect UMHA.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that sodium benzoate initially increased UHA temporally but that its effect disappeared after 3 hours. In the medical examination of toluene exposure workers, the ingestion of drink containing sodium benzoate should be forbidden during the 3 hours prior to urinary sampling.

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Original Article

Epidemiologic Characteristics Revealed with a Malignant Mesothelioma Surveillance System in Korea: Soon Hee Jung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Sang Baek Koh, Suk Joong Yong, Byong Soon Choi, Yeon Soon Ahn, Tae In Park, Myoung Ja Chung, Yun Mee Kim, Ji Sun Song, Yoon Kyong Chung, Joon Pyo Myung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(1):46-52. Published online March 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.1.46

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study estimated the magnitude of malignant mesothelioma and its epidemiologic features in Korea. We collected data on 160 cases for the 5-year period from 2001 to 2005.
METHODS
We established a surveillance system for malignant mesothelioma in 2001. The important participants were pathologists, and respiratory and occupational physicians. We reclassified these cases according to the date of diagnosis and calculated fatality by comparing National Mortality Data. We actively surveyed 18 cases which were diagnosed in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate their work-relatedness.
RESULTS
Among 160 cases, 18 were initially diagnosed before 1995, 57 from 1996 to 2000, 11 in 2001, 18 in 2002, 11 in 2003, 29 in 2004 and 16 in 2005. After 2001, 17cases were reported annually. Among the 86 cases which were diagnosed before 2003, 60 cases (69.8%) had died and 46(53.5%) had died within 1 year. Among the 18 cases which we surveyed, 5 were related with the construction industry, 2 with asbestos textile manufacturing industries and 1 with asbestos painting. There was no evident work relatedness in the other 10 cases, but 6 were related to environmental exposure.
CONCLUSIONS
Although this surveillance system revealed the magnitude of malignant mesothelioma in Korea, it needs to be supplemented by an active surveillance system using death certificate data and cancer registry data etc.

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Original Article

Fatigue as a Predictor of Medical Utilization, Occupational Accident and Sickness Absence: Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Dongmug Kang, Seong Ah Kim, Jin Joo Chung, Chul Gab Lee, Myung Geun Kang, Sook Jung Hyun, Jung Jin Cho, Bong Suk Cha, Jong Ku Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(4):318-332. Published online December 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.4.318

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship of fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Subjects and METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project, 2002~2004). A total of 30,146 employees categorized within the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the participants' sociodemographics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, personality trait, self-perceived fatigue (MFS) and the frequency of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Data on medical utilization and occupational accident were confirmed from company health records. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to elucidate the relationship of self-perceived fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence.
RESULTS
In logistic regression analyses, self-perceived fatigue was associated with medical utilization (outpatient), occupational accident and sickness absence although the strength of the associations was higher in the blue collar workers except for medical utilization. For medical utilization, the white collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the third quartile and the highest quartile, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.20-1.87) and 2.16 (95% CI: 1.69-2.75), respectively. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the second (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.43), third (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.22- 1.66) and highest quartile (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.55-2.17), respectively, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were statistically significant. However, no associations were found between fatigue and inpatient utilization for either the white or blue collar workers. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of being injured for workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.00-2.00), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10-2.22) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.69-3.44), respectively, compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile, but, those of the white collar workers were not significant. There was more likely to an increased risk of sickness absence in workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile in both white and blue collar workers, but the magnitudes of risk were higher in the blue collar workers than the white collars workers.
CONCLUSION
This result suggests that fatigue is a determinant predictor of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence, and that the pattern of risks for the three outcomes differs according to the occupational type. Some limitations of this study and considerations for future study were also discussed.

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Original Article

Developing an Occupational Stress Scale for Korean Employees: Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Dongmug Kang, Seong Ah Kim, Myung Geun Kang, Chul Gab Lee, Jin Joo Chung, Jung Jin Cho, Mia Son, Chang Ho Chae, Jung Won Kim, Jung Il Kim, Hyeong Su Kim, Sang Chul Roh, Jae Beom Park, Jong Min Woo, Soo Young Kim, Jeong Youn Kim, Mina Ha, Jungsun Park, Kyung Yong Rhee, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Jeong Ok Kong, In Ah Kim, Jeong Soo Kim, Jun Ho Park, Sook Jung Huyun, Dong Kook Son; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(4):297-317. Published online December 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.4.297

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
AND PURPOSES: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002- 2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Fortythree items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories.
RESULTS
We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

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Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2021; 63(6): e346. CrossRef
Predictors of Burnout in Hospital Health Workers during the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea
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Analysis of Preference in Plant Fragrances and Psychological Evaluation of Firefighter
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(21): 8259. CrossRef
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The association between Antonovsky's sense of coherence and job stress among dental hygienists in Korea
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International Journal of Dental Hygiene.2020; 18(3): 307. CrossRef
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Association of Interpersonal Competence and Emotional Labor with Job Stress in Occupational Therapists
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International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2020; 93(4): 457. CrossRef
Moderated Mediation Effect of Mindfulness on the Relationship Between Muscular Skeletal Disease, Job Stress, and Turnover Among Korean Firefighters
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The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2019; 30(4): 553. CrossRef
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Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2019; 24(4): 335. CrossRef
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(21): 4270. CrossRef
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Risk Factor, Job Stress and Quality of Life in Workers With Lower Extremity Pain Who Use Video Display Terminals
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Journal of Affective Disorders.2018; 229: 450. CrossRef
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American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.2018; 82(8): 6351. CrossRef
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International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health.2017; 23(4): 261. CrossRef
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Factors related to heart rate variability among firefighters
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk factors associated with musculoskeletal symptoms in Korean dental practitioners
KiHun Cho, Hwi-young Cho, Gyeong-Soon Han
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2016; 28(1): 56. CrossRef
A study on the relationship between job stress and nicotine dependence in Korean workers
Seung Rak Son, Byeong Moo Choe, Seong Hwan Kim, Young Seoub Hong, Byoung Gwon Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Temperament and Character Traits, Heart Rate Variability and Occupational Stress in New Nursing Employees
Min Soo Ko, Yong Lee Jang, Jin Sook Choi, Hyun Bo Shim, Hee Jung Nam, Mee Suk Wang, In Deok Lee, Hae Woo Lee
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2016; 55(3): 271. CrossRef
Factors associated with the occurrence of functional dyspepsia and insomnia in shift-working nurses
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Work.2016; 54(1): 93. CrossRef
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(7): 629. CrossRef
The Convergence Influence of Emotional Labor of clinical dental hygienist working on Job stress. -Focused on Mediating Effects of Self Esteem-
Da-Hae Hwang, Suk Eom
Journal of the Korea Convergence Society.2016; 7(6): 67. CrossRef
Effects of Dysfunctional Customer Behavior, Job Stress and Stress Copying on Job Satisfaction in Insurance Solicitors
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(9): 578. CrossRef
Association between job stress and occupational injuries among Korean firefighters: a nationwide cross-sectional study
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BMJ Open.2016; 6(11): e012002. CrossRef
The Influence of Job Stress of Care Workers on Customer Orientation
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The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2016; 10(3): 173. CrossRef
The Influence of Job Stress and Calling on the Organizational Commitment of Nurses: Focused on Clinical Nurses at University Hospitals in Busan
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The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2016; 10(3): 27. CrossRef
The Effect of Safety-Aisle on the Perception of Safety-Related Variables in the Small Sawmilling Industry
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Journal of the Korean Society of Safety.2016; 31(3): 109. CrossRef
Convergence Relationship between Occupational Stress and Fatigue Symptoms among Blue Collar Workers in Manufacturing Plants
Eun-Sook Shin
Journal of the Korea Convergence Society.2016; 7(1): 57. CrossRef
Workplace Bullying, Job Stress, Intent to Leave, and Nurses’ Perceptions of Patient Safety in South Korean Hospitals
Hyunjin Oh, Dong-choon Uhm, Young Joo Yoon
Nursing Research.2016; 65(5): 380. CrossRef
Psychological factors influence the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and their effect on quality of life among firefighters in South Korea
Seung-Ho Jang, Han-Seung Ryu, Suck-Chei Choi, Sang-Yeol Lee
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health.2016; 22(4): 315. CrossRef
Job stress and mental health among nonregular workers in Korea: What dimensions of job stress are associated with mental health?
Soo Kyung Park, Min-Kyoung Rhee, Michàlle Mor Barak
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2016; 71(2): 111. CrossRef
Factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers in Korea
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of Job Stress on Smoking and Cessation of Hospital Male Employee
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Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2016; 7(1): 19. CrossRef
Relationship between Job Stress and Fatigue Symptoms among Manufacturing Male Workers
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(7): 543. CrossRef
Comparison of Job Stress, Quality of Life Scale and Health Promotion Behaviors in Public Health Officials and General Administration Officials
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2016; 25(4): 320. CrossRef
The association of relational and organizational job stress factors with sleep disorder: analysis of the 3rd Korean working conditions survey (2011)
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of the Influence of Human Nature Factors, Mental Health Factors and Fatigue on Occupational Stress among Hospital Administrative Staff Using a Structural Equation Model
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Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(3): 221. CrossRef
Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale
Kyoung Mi Kim, Kyoung A Nam, Eunhee Lee, Geum Hee Jeong
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2015; 21(5): 542. CrossRef
Influencing factors of self-reported dry mouth in the employees in social welfare facilities
Sun-A Lim, Eun-Ju Jung, Hye-Jeong Youn
Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2015; 15(4): 671. CrossRef
Factors associated with Problem Drinking in Korean Male Employees for Drinking Motivation, Job Stress, and Drinking Refusal Self-efficacy
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Moderating Effect of Stress Coping Strategies on the Relationship between a National Statistics Office Workers' Occupational Stress and Mental Health
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Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2015; 54(4): 587. CrossRef
The effect of organisational system on self-rated depression in a panel of male municipal firefighters
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Analyzing safety behaviors of temporary construction workers using structural equation modeling
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Safety Science.2015; 77: 160. CrossRef
The Effects of Job Stress, Depression, and Psychological Happiness on Job Satisfaction of Office Workers
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The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(4): 490. CrossRef
The Convergence Study on the Relationship between the Job Stress and Mental Health of Nurses
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Journal of the Korea Convergence Society.2015; 6(5): 39. CrossRef
The influential Factors of excessive daytime sleepiness for public Service Workers at Subway Stations
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Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(12): 225. CrossRef
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Effects of sleep quality and occupational stress on health-related quality of life among a university's security workers
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Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2015; 32(3): 73. CrossRef
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Applied Nursing Research.2015; 28(2): 150. CrossRef
High Occupational Stress and Low Career Satisfaction of Korean Surgeons
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2015; 30(2): 133. CrossRef
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory as related factor for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms according to job stress level in experienced firefighters: 5–year study
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms and Its Related Factors among Male Workers in Manufacturing Industries
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(10): 6627. CrossRef
A Study on the Relationship between Upper-scale General Hospital Nurses' Experience of Verbal Abuse and Job Stress
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2015; 24(3): 173. CrossRef
Relationship between Job Stress and Smoking Behaviors among Small Scale Manufacturing Male Workers
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(12): 8509. CrossRef
The Effects of Job Stress and Psychosocial Stress among Dental Hygienists
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Journal of dental hygiene science.2015; 15(5): 679. CrossRef
Effects of an internet-based lifestyle intervention on cardio-metabolic risks and stress in Korean workers with metabolic syndrome: A controlled trial
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Patient Education and Counseling.2015; 98(1): 111. CrossRef
Structural Equation Modeling on Health Status in Hospital Nurses: Based on the Theory of Salutogenesis With Bio Behavioral Approach
Kyeong Sug Kim, Smi Choi-Kwon, Kihye Han
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(1): 50. CrossRef
Anxiety symptoms and occupational stress among young Korean female manufacturing workers
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Occupational Stress and Emotional Intelligence in Hospice Volunteers
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The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2015; 18(2): 112. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2015; 24(4): 352. CrossRef
Occupational stress and related factors among surgical residents in Korea
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Characteristics and Factors Associated with Problem Drinking in Male Workers
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Asian Nursing Research.2015; 9(2): 132. CrossRef
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2015; 21(3): 287. CrossRef
An examination of work exhaustion in the mobile enterprise environment
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Technological Forecasting and Social Change.2015; 100: 255. CrossRef
Job Stress, Coping Type, and Job Satisfaction in Firefighters
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2015; 24(4): 323. CrossRef
Resilience buffers the impact of traumatic events on the development of PTSD symptoms in firefighters
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Journal of Affective Disorders.2014; 162: 128. CrossRef
A Management Approach of the Construction Accidents Based on Assessing the Job Stress of Korean and Foreign Construction Laborers
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Journal of the Korean Society of Safety.2014; 29(5): 88. CrossRef
Sleep Quality, Posttraumatic Stress, Depression, and Human Errors in Train Drivers: A Population-Based Nationwide Study in South Korea
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Sleep.2014; 37(12): 1969. CrossRef
A Study on Stress and the Quality of Sleep among Orthodontic Patients
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(4): 2265. CrossRef
Correlation between Fatigue and Quality of Life Caused by Stress of Researchers' Work
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2014; 23(3): 171. CrossRef
Comparing Stress Perception and Leisure Type Preference between South Korean Smoking and Nonsmoking Casino Employees
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International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.2014; 12(5): 618. CrossRef
Occupational Stress of Women Workers in Service Industries depending on Their Working Conditions
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2014; 23(2): 89. CrossRef
The relationship between job stress and service quality, and the moderating effect of organizational justice
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Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science.2014; 16(3): 389. CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of Work Stress Assessment Tools for Estimating Human Work Performance
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Journal of the Korean Society of Safety.2014; 29(6): 144. CrossRef
The Effect of Emotional Labor for Job Stress in Bus Drivers
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2014; 23(1): 20. CrossRef
The Effects of Aroma Inhalation Method with Roll-on in Occupation Stress, Depression and Sleep in Female Manufacture Shift Workers
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(5): 2903. CrossRef
Job Stress and Musculoskeletal Disorder in Seoul City's School Foodservice Employees
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2014; 23(4): 245. CrossRef
Relationships of Job Stress, Fatigue & Depression among one Ship-building Supply Workers
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(5): 2789. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Tuberculosis (TB) Control Nurses' Job Satisfaction
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Systematic analysis of tobacco treatment interventions implemented in worksite settings
Adam P. Knowlden, Melinda J. Ickes, Manoj Sharma
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Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2014; 26(2): 149. CrossRef
Influence of Job Stress and Depression on Suicide Ideation of Women-workers in Service Industries
Hyun Ju Lee, Hye-Sun Jung
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2014; 23(3): 189. CrossRef
Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Estimators in Korean Construction Company
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Applied Mechanics and Materials.2014; 501-504: 2646. CrossRef
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(8): 4981. CrossRef
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Psychosocial Work Environment and Self-rated Health of Nurses in a General Hospital
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2014; 23(4): 219. CrossRef
An analysis of the Relationship between Railway Dispatchers' Stress Factors and Job Satisfaction Levels
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A Study on the Influence of Mental Health and Job Satisfaction on Perceived Job Stress of Financial Companies
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(4): 1612. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2013; 22(2): 149. CrossRef
Measuring stress with questionnaires
Ho Cheol Shin
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2013; 56(6): 485. CrossRef
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Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2013; 45(2): 169. CrossRef
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The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences.2013; 8(9): 1373. CrossRef
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(10): 5069. CrossRef
A Review on the Job Stress Measurements in Nuclear Power Plant Workers for Human Error Prevention
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Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2013; 32(1): 47. CrossRef
Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment of Customized Home Health Care Nurse
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Journal of the Korean Surgical Society.2013; 84(5): 261. CrossRef
Effect of Workplace Bullying and Job Stress on Turnover Intention in Hospital Nurses
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Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2013; 22(2): 77. CrossRef
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The Factors related to Dyslipidemia and Hypertension among Male Office Workers
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Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2013; 25(4): 432. CrossRef
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Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine.2013; 1(1): 69. CrossRef
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Relationship between emotional labor and occupational stress of dental counselor
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Relationship Between Job Stress and Quality of Sleep among 119 Recue Workers
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(6): 2926. CrossRef
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Spirituality and Stress in Mental Health Social Workers
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Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(3): 314. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2013; 24(1): 119. CrossRef
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Min-Hee Hong
Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2013; 13(1): 136. CrossRef
Perceived Stress and Self‐esteem Mediate the Effects of Work‐related Stress on Depression
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Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms and Related Factors among Male Workers in Small-scale Manufacturing Industries
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Temporomandibular disorders and risk factors in office workers, service workers, and teachers
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2012; 18(1): 76. CrossRef
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Smoking Cessation Intervention Using Stepwise Exercise Incentives for Male Workers in the Workplace
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Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2012; 24(1): 82. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2012; 21(2): 87. CrossRef
Relationship between occupational stress and musculoskeletal symptoms of upper extremities among dental hygienists
So-Young Lee, Hyo-Jin Ko, Byeng-Chul Yu
Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2012; 12(5): 897. CrossRef
Turnover intention of graduate nurses in South Korea
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Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2012; 9(1): 63. CrossRef
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Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2012; 24(1): 117. CrossRef
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Korean journal of food and cookery science.2012; 28(2): 97. CrossRef
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Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(2): 195. CrossRef
Relationship between Occupational Stress and Gastric Disease in Male Workers
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Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2012; 33(5): 311. CrossRef
The effects of occupational stress on oral health impact profile (OHIP) in local government workers
Min-Hee Hong
Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2012; 12(3): 471. CrossRef
The Influence of Disabled Worker's Social Support, Self Efficiency & Depression on Job Stress
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2012; 21(2): 116. CrossRef
Job Stress Level and It's Related Factors in Firefighters
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(10): 4917. CrossRef
Acculturative Stress, Work‐related Psychosocial Factors and Depression in Korean‐Chinese Migrant Workers in Korea
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Journal of Occupational Health.2012; 54(3): 206. CrossRef
Perceived Occupational Stress and Depression of School Nurses
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Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(1): 60. CrossRef
Job Stress of Occupational Health Managers in Chemicals Manufacturing Factories
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2012; 21(3): 192. CrossRef
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Influence of Nurses' Sense of Coherence on Their Stress and Quality of Life
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Association between Job Stress and Insomnia in Korean Workers
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Journal of Occupational Health.2011; 53(3): 164. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(2): 204. CrossRef
Psychosocial Factors and Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Southeastern Asian Female Workers Living in Korea
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Safety and Health at Work.2011; 2(2): 183. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2011; 17(5): 484. CrossRef
A Study of Nurses' Resilience, Occupational Stress and Satisfaction
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(1): 14. CrossRef
Job Characteristics and Occupational Stress on Health Behavior in Korean Workers
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Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2010; 31(6): 444. CrossRef
Occupational Psychiatric Disorders in Korea
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S87. CrossRef
Influences of Job Stress and Burnout on Turnover Intention of Nurses
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2010; 16(4): 507. CrossRef
Job Demand and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor in White-collar Workers
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2010; 53(6): 467. CrossRef
Health Behaviors by Job Stress Level in Large-Sized Company with Male and Female Workers
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(6): 852. CrossRef
Job Identity and Job Stress on Elementary School Health Teachers
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Original Article

Occupational Stress and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases: Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Jong Ku Park, Jun Ho Park, Dong Koog Son, Sook Jung Hyun, Bong Suk Cha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(3):186-198. Published online September 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.3.186

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between occupational stress and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
METHOD
The study subjects were 169 male workers aged over 40 who were employed in the shipbuilding industry. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess the respondents' sociodemographics and occupational stress. Eight domains of occupational stress according to the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) were used. We included blood pressure, lipid level (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol), coagulation factors, pulse wave velocity and heart rate variability as possible cardiovascular risk factors.
RESULT
In multiple regression analyses, job demand was associated with triglyceride level, pulse wave velocity and heart rate variability. Interpersonal conflict was related to total cholesterol. Job insecurity was related to heart rate variability. Organizational system was associated with blood pressure, total cholesterol, pulse wave velocity and heart rate variability. Lack of rewards was related to systolic blood pressure and pulse wave velocity.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that occupational stress is associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

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Rebecca Prell, Oliver Opatz, Giampiero Merati, Björn Gesche, Hanns-Christian Gunga, Martina A. Maggioni
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Original Article

Analysis of the effect of job stress on occupational low back pain among shipyard workers using survival analysis: Dong Hee Koh, Hyung Ryoul Kim, Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Sung Kyu Kang, Jong Uk Won, Jae Hoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(2):95-103. Published online June 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.2.95

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Occupational low back pain is a major cause of morbidity and the increases of medical and industrial costs. Efforts to control occupational low back pain have been largely unsuccessful, and further understanding of the risks including the psychological factors is needed. This retrospective study was designed to identify the effect of job stress on occupational low back pain among shipyard workers.
METHODS
The study group consisted of 976 male workers who were working at a Korean shipyard. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to assess the participants' physical work factors, job stress and general characteristics. Job stress was measured using Karasek's JCQ(Job Content Questionnaire). Occupational low back pain was identified according to the NIOSH symptom survey criteria. Physical work factors were assessed using the Quick Exposure Check. Since the work duration can affect the relationship of physical work factors and job stress to occupational low back pain, we analyzed this association by dividing workers into two groups by work duration: 1) all workers, and 2) less than 5 years. Cox's proportional hazard model was used to elucidate the relationship of job stress with occupational low back pain in these two groups. Data were analysed with SAS 8.1.
RESULTS
In the all workers group, job demand, bending or twisting of the back, and carrying heavy materials were associated with an increased the risk of occupational low back pain. In the workers with less than 5 years work experience, people with high job demand were more likely to experience occupational low back pain than those with low job demand.
CONCLUSIONS
These RESULTS suggest that job stress as well as physical work factors can raise the risk of occupational low back pain. Especially, in the workers with less than 5 years work duration, job stress played a more crucial effect on the occurrence of occupational low back pain than physical work factors did.

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Original Article

Risk Factors of Work-related Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Motor Engine Assembly Plant Workers: Young Ki Kim, Dong Mug Kang, Sang Baek Koh, Byung Chul Son, Jung Won Kim, Dae Whan Kim, Gun Hyung Kim, Seong Ho Han; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):488-498. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.488

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To determine the synthetic risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders, and to examine effect on musculoskeletal symptoms of physical work intensity and change of work intensity.
METHODS
Self-administered questionnaraire survey was conducted on 588 motor engine assembly workers, in Chanwon, Kyungnam provance, Korea, from April 1 to May 31, 2003. The contents of the questionnaire investigation included general characteristic items, workrelated characteristic items, presence of musculoskeletal symptoms, ergonomic risk factors items, job stress items, current physical work intensity and changes of work intensity items. The results underwent statistical analysis with frequency test, t-test, and logistic regression. The statistical significance level was 0.05, and SAS(v8.1) was used.
RESULTS
Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms. From the results, significant variables were high Quick Exposure Check (QEC) score, high job demand control, physical work intensity, change of work intensity.
CONCLUSION
Among the known risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders, the outbreak of musculoskeletal symptoms was confirmed to be correlated with age, tenure, ergonomic risk factors, and job stress. Physical work intensity and the changes of work intensity were also related to musculoskeletal symptoms.

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Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korea Provoked by Workers’ Collective Compensation Claims against Work Intensification
Dongmug Kang, Youngki Kim, Young-Il Lee, Sangbaek Koh, Inah Kim, Hoonkoo Lee
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Original Article

Relationship between Job Stress and Pulse Wave Velocity as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: Jung Ok Kong, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Ho Keun Chung, Hong Ryul Choi, Kyung Hee Jung-Choi, Soon Ja Jeon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):450-458. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.450

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationship between job stress and pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a cardiovascular risk factor.
METHOD
The study design was cross-sectional, and a total of 234 industrial workers were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics and job characteristics (work demand, decision latitude) using a modified Karasek model. Cuffs were applied to the extremities and a microphone for phonocardiography was placed at the second intercostal space at the margin of the sternum. The subjects rested in a supine position for 5 min, and PWV was measured using a VP-1000(Colin Waveform analyzer).
RESULTS
There were significant correlations between blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, coagulation factor and PWV. The group with low decision latitude and high decision latitude showed higher levels of PWV, but the differences were not significan. The PWV (left) was significantly higher in the high strain group than in the lower strain group. After adjustment for age and cardiovascular risk factors, job strain was still associated with PWV.
CONCLUSION
These result suggest that the high strain group among workers is related to an increased risk of PWV as a marker of atherosclerosis.

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Original Article

The Relationship between Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Job Stress & Intensity of Labor among Shipbuilding Workers: Inah Kim, Sang Baek Koh, Jeong Soo Kim, Dong Mug Kang, Mia Son, Yongkyu Kim, Jaechul Song; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):401-412. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.401

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to reveal the multiple factors that are related to the work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) of shipbuilding workers, and to elucidate the relationship between musculoskeletal symptoms and factors such as the change of working conditions, job stress and physical workload.
METHODS
The study sample comprised 1,059 shipbuilding workers. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics, job stress, psychosocial well-being index (PWI), physical workload, change of working conditions and information concerning musculoskeletal symptoms. We estimated the relations of job stress, physical workload and intensity of labour to musculoskeletal symptoms using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.
RESULTS
The symptom prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in any part of the body was 89.5% by 'criteria 1'in the order of back (58.6%) and shoulder (56.3%). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, posture factor (Odds ratio [OR]=1.06, 95% confidence interval [ C I ] = 1 . 0 0~1.12), non-posture factor (OR=1.17, CI=1.05~1.31), Borg scale (OR=1.15, C I = 1 . 0 0~1.32), relative work intensity increase (OR=1.92, CI=1.08~3.41), labor flexibility increase (OR=2.04, CI=1.04~4.01), high job demand (OR=2.68, CI=1.48~4.88), and high risk stress group (OR=13.50, CI=3.15~57.97) were all found to be significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that WMSDs have multiple risk factors such as stress, physical workload and change of working conditions. High job demand, increased relative intensification of work and increased flexibility, especially such as subcontract, outsourcing and importing of contingent work, were very important factors associated with increasing WMSDs.

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Dongmug Kang, Youngki Kim, Young-Il Lee, Sangbaek Koh, Inah Kim, Hoonkoo Lee
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Kwan-Suk Lee, Da-Yeh Chung
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Seung-Hyun Lee, Ju-Yeon Lee, Young-Chae Cho
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Original Article

Work Related Factors Affecting Perceived Fatigue in Male Metal Assemblers: Jun Ho Jang, Dongmug Kang, Sang Baek Koh, Jungwon Kim, Byung Mann Cho, Su Ill Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(2):155-165. Published online June 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.2.155

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To find work related factors affecting perceived fatigue among male metal product assemblers.
METHODS
The study subjects were metal product assemblers from three metal product companies (476 car parts assemblers, 610 car engine assemblers, 454 ship engine assemblers). From the total of 1,540 subjects, 1,136 (73.8%) were included and 38 respondents with insufficient replies were excluded. Associations between fatigue score and other variables (general characteristics, job related factors, workload, job stresses) were investigated in terms of the concept of multidimensional fatigue construct by self administered questionnaire. Using MFS (Multidimensional Fatigue Scale), JCQ (Job Content Questionnaire), and Borg's scale, we estimated the fatigue, job stress, and workload, respectively. Fatigue score was estimated by 'sum of fatigue' in MFS. Associations were tested by linear regression analysis using SAS v.8.0.
RESULTS
In this study, the fatigue related factors were older age, longer working hours per week, higher workload, higher job demand, lower decision latitude, and lower supervisor support.
CONCLUSIONS
Prolonged working hours, higher workload, higher job demand, poor supervisor support and lower decision latitude were fatigue related factors among the male metal product assemblers of this study.

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Sungeun Lee
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Min-Hee Hong
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Eun Sook Jung, Nam Hyun Cha
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Original Article

Job Stress, Heart Rate Variability and Metabolic Syndrome: Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Hong Ryul Choi, Jong Min Woo, Bong Suk Cha, Jong Ku Park, Yong Hee Chen, Ho Keun Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):70-81. Published online March 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.70

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of literature has documented that job stress is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological mechanism of this association remains unclear. Therefore, we tried to elucidate the relationship between job stress, heart rate variability and metabolic syndrome.
METHOD
The study design was cross-sectional, and 169 industrial workers were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics and job characteristics (work demand, decision latitude). Heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded using SA-2000 (medi-core). HRV was assessed by time-domain and by frequency-domain analyses. Time domain analysis was performed for SDNN (Standard Deviation of NN interval), and spectral analysis for low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF) and total frequency power. Metabolic syndrome was defined on the basis of clustering of risk factors, when three or more of the following cardiovascular risk factors were included in the fifth quintile: glucose, systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol (bottom quintile), triglyceride and waist-hip ratio.
RESULTS
The results showed that job characteristics were not associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The high strain group had a less favorable cardiovascular risk profile with higher levels of blood pressure, glucose, homocysteine, and clotting factor than the lower strain group (low strain+passive+active group), but the difference was not statistically significant. The SDNN of HRV was significantly lower in the high strain group than in the low strain group. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the low strain, passive, active and high strain groups was 9.7%, 13.9%, 14.9% and 23.8%, respectively. In the high strain group, the metabolic syndrome was significantly related to a decreased SDNN. However, we could not find a significant association in LF/HF ratio.
CONCLUSION
This result suggests that decreased HRV does not play a role in the development of disease; however, it can induce cardiovascular abnormalities or dysfunctions related to the onset of heart disease among high risk groups.

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Original Article

Effects of Physical Workload on Salivary Cortisol Level: Dong Mug Kang, Byung Min Son, Sang Baek Koh, Junho Jang, Mia Son, Jongwon Kim, Byung Mann Cho, Su Ill Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):57-69. Published online March 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.57

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: Workload is known to affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Although many studies had revealed that job stress related factors could affect the neuroendocrine system among blue-collar workers, these studies had limitations as they had not evaluated the workload by objective methods which took into consideration individual physiological differences. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of physical workload adjusted job stress on cortisol regulation by using objective tools for workers having various job tasks.
METHODS
Among 110 foundry workers, shipyard workers, and fine machine assemblers for whom saliva samples were obtained, 102 without any past history of conditions that could affect hormonal regulation such as diabetes, and hypertension were included in this study. Among the 102 study participants, 15 workers whose saliva for morning or afternoon or heart rate monitoring data was not attained were excluded from the final analysis. Workload was evaluated by RHR (relative heart rate) using a heart rate monitor, and job stress was evaluated by Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire. Saliva samples were gathered during 8 - 9 am and 5 - 6 pm, and salivary cortisol levels were analysed by radioimmunoassay.
RESULTS
After adjusting several variables which could effect cortisol secretion including job stress, among the higher RHR group morning salivary cortisol level was increased (beta=60.32, S.E.=26.35, p=0.0266), afternoon salivary cortisol level was decreased (beta=-7.43, S.E.=29.73, p=0.8044), and salivary cortisol level difference between morning and afternoon was increased (beta=72.10, SE=35.50, p=0.0509).
CONCLUSIONS
As physical workload increases morning cortisol level, which is caused by the effect of arousal, and decreases afternoon cortisol level, which is caused by exhaustion, physical workload enlarges the width of diurnal cortisol variance. Therefore, physical exhaustion due to excessive workload could have adverse effects on the neuroendocrine system.

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Original Article

Job Characteristics and Psychosocial Distress of Atypical Workers: Sang Baek Koh, Mia Son, Jung Ok Kong, Chul Gab Lee, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):103-113. Published online March 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.103

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to compare the job characteristics (work demand, decision latitude, and job insecurity) and psychosocial stress levels of typical workers in the parent firm, to those of atypical workers in subcontracted firms. In addition the risk factors for psychosocial stress of atypical workers are evaluated.
METHOD
The study design was cross-sectional, and 1,713 shipbuilding workers (681; typical workers, 1,032; atypical workers) were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics, job characteristics and psychosocial stress levels. We used the chi-square test for univariate and multiple regression analyses.
RESULTS
In univariate analyses, there were significant differences in smoking, hobby, insufficient sleeping, work hours per week, quitting, unemployment, job demand, job decision latitude and job insecurity. The job strain was significantly higher in the atypical workers than in the typical workers. The proportion of iso-strain groups was significantly greater in the atypical workers than typical workers. Using psychosocial stress as the dependent variable, multiple regression models were estimated. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, unemployment, quitting, employment type, job demand, job decision latitude and job insecurity were all found to be significantly associated with psychosocial stress.
CONCLUSION
This result suggests that the psychosocial stress of atypical workers is related to job characteristics such as job insecurity and labor flexibility.

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Original Article

Occupational disease surveillance system in Busan, Ulsan, Kyung-Nam area: Jung Il Kim, Byung Gwan Kim, Jung Won Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Cheol Ho Yi, Dongmug Kang, Ji Hong Kim, Jin Ha Kim, Young Wook Kim, Young Ha Lee, Ji Ho Lee, Younghee Choi, Jung Ho Kim, Hyung Ryul Yun, Cheol In Yoo, Baek Geun Jeong, Tae Won Jang, Yun Gyu Kim, Dong Young Yun, Jin Uk Kang, Jong Eun Kim, Jin Hong Ahn, Dong Joon Lee, Joon Ho Jang, Kwang Young Lee, Hyu Ran Song, Yong Hwan Lee, Byung Man Cho, Hong Ryul Choi, Sang Baek Koh, Euna Kim, Yu Jin Lee, Young Seoub Hong, Kap Yeol Jung, Jung Man Kim, Joon Youn Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):1-12. Published online March 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.1

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: Occupational medicine specialists in the Busan, Ulsan and Kyung-Nam areas established an area-based occupational disease surveillance system and used this system to collected case information for the purpose of preventing occupational diseases METHODS: 11 hospitals participated in this system. The authors selected five main diseases, which were hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD), occupational asthma, occupational skin disease and occupational lung cancer and established their case definitions. All cases were reported on the web, and real time analysis was conducted.
RESULTS
Between Apri1 2001 and April 2003, 192 cases of HAVS, 118 cases of WRMSD, 33 cases of occupational asthma, 17 cases of occupational skin disease and 17 cases of occupational lung cancer (for a total of 377 cases of these five main diseases) were reported. Most of the HAVS cases came from shipbuilding, and 172 of them (92.7 %) were associated with grinding. Of the four main types of WRMSD, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was the most prevalent with 46 cases and shipbuilding was also the main industry involved (83.9 %). The ergonomic risk factors involved mainly associated with the hand. In 19 (57.6 %) and 4 (12.1 %) cases of occupational asthma, the agents included isocyanate and welding fume, respectively. 64.7 % of the cases of occupational skin diseases were contact dermatitis, and organic solvents and welding fume were the main agents involved. The causative agents of occupational lung cancer included Cr, welding fume, PAH, Ni, etc. 10 (58.8 %) of the cases were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma and 5 (29.4 %) as adenoma.
CONCLUSION
This result showed that an area-based occupational disease surveillance system might provide an effective method of evaluating the prevalence of such diseases, however the Busan, Ulsan and Kyung-Nam provinces are too large to be treated as individual areas. Therefore, the authors suggest that each province should establish its own surveillance system.

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Work-relatedness of lung cancer by smoking and histologic type in Korea
Young-Il Lee, Sang-Gil Lee, Dong-Mug Kang, Jong-Eun Kim, Young-Ki Kim, Jong-Han Leem, Hwan-Cheol Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Occupational Skin Diseases in Korea
Yeon-Soon Ahn, Min-Gi Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S46. CrossRef

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Original Article

Reliability and Validity of Questionnaire for Assessing Physical Workloads: Dongjun Lee, Dongmug Kang, Sang Baek Koh, Jungwon Kim, Junho Jang, Jongeun Kim, Byungmann Cho, Suill Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(4):388-400. Published online December 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.4.388

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The aims of the study were to make a questionnaire for assessing physical workloads and to evaluate its reliability and validity.
METHODS
A total of 220 workers (foundry workers 30, large vehicle assemblers 30, shipyard workers 75, and automobile manufacturers 80) completed a self-administered questionnaire and took examinations for physical work capacity and working heart rate. We excluded data with insufficient responses or incorrect physical work capacity and working heart rate. Finally, the data of 154 workers (70.0%) were used for our study. In order to evaluate the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, we used statistical analyses including the scaling assumption test and a comparison with the objective tool for physical workload which was evaluated by working energy expenditure.
RESULTS
The items of the questionnaire in the same categories had close distribution in the evaluation of the scaling assumption. The item internal consistency was 0.41-0.73 for posture factor, and 0.62-0.79 for non-posture factor. The item discriminate validity was 100%. Cronbach's alphacoefficient of the total items was 0.73 (0.58 for posture factor and 0.74 for nonposture factor). In the correlation between working energy expenditure and questions, general physical activity (p=0.008), proportion of the workday with hands above shoulder (p=0.002), proportion of the workday with trunk bent (p=0.028), proportion of the workday with awkward posture (p=0.048), sweating after work (p=0.006), total scales (p=0.003) and Borg scale (p=0.011) all had statistical significance.
CONCLUSIONS
Our questionnaire for assessing physical workloads demonstrated statistically significant reliability and validity. But the questions for the proportions of the workday with sitting work posture and with static posture should be modified via a larger study.

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Spine.2013; 38(24): E1541. CrossRef

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Original Article

Epidemiologic Characteristics of Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome through Occupational Disease Surveillance System in Busan, Ulsan, Kyungnam Province: Young hee Choi, Cheol In Yoo, Ji Ho Lee, Choong Ryeol Lee, Hun Lee, Young Wook Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Sang Baek Koh, Euna Kim, Lu Jin Lee, Yang ho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(3):261-268. Published online September 30, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.3.261

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to estimate the epidemiologic characteristics of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) due to occupational exposure of hand transmitted vibration and to identify the occupations and industries where such exposures arises, and the main sources of exposure.
METHODS
In April 2001 the Busan, Ulsan, and Kyung-Nam Province occupational disease surveillance system was established to measure the incidence and prevalence of work-related HAVS and other occupational diseases in these Korean provinces. Occupational physicians of nine hospitals in Busan, Ulsan, and Kyung-nam Province were involved in this project between April 2001 and November 2002. Physicians collected information through questionnaires and interviews. Information gathered included age, occupation, types of vibration tools used and presence of subjective symptoms such as vibration-induced white finger (VWF), numbness and tingling.
RESULTS
A total 192 cases were reported with 188 males and 4 females. The shipbuilding industry was the most common type of industry and grinders were the most common source of exposure. Symptoms of neurological disorder were more common than those of vascular disorder.
CONCLUSIONS
The authors concluded that exposure to hand transmitted vibration is common and that HAVS is one of the most common occupational diseases in Korea. However, the range and extent of hand transmitted vibration and the overall prevalence of HAVS in Korea is still unknown. More extensive research on this syndrome in order to priorite necessary preventive measures is required.

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